Average Error: 40.0 → 0.7
Time: 17.8s
Precision: 64
Internal Precision: 128
\[\cos \left(x + \varepsilon\right) - \cos x\]
\[\begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;\varepsilon \le -0.0001216667040455498:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(\cos x \cdot \cos \varepsilon - \sin x \cdot \sin \varepsilon\right) - \cos x\\ \mathbf{elif}\;\varepsilon \le 4.281691232032822 \cdot 10^{-05}:\\ \;\;\;\;-2 \cdot \left(\sin \left(\frac{\varepsilon}{2}\right) \cdot \sin \left(\frac{\left(x + x\right) + \varepsilon}{2}\right)\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\cos x \cdot \cos \varepsilon - \left(\cos x + \sin x \cdot \sin \varepsilon\right)\\ \end{array}\]

Error

Bits error versus x

Bits error versus eps

Try it out

Your Program's Arguments

Results

Enter valid numbers for all inputs

Derivation

  1. Split input into 3 regimes
  2. if eps < -0.0001216667040455498

    1. Initial program 29.9

      \[\cos \left(x + \varepsilon\right) - \cos x\]
    2. Using strategy rm
    3. Applied cos-sum0.9

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\cos x \cdot \cos \varepsilon - \sin x \cdot \sin \varepsilon\right)} - \cos x\]

    if -0.0001216667040455498 < eps < 4.281691232032822e-05

    1. Initial program 49.8

      \[\cos \left(x + \varepsilon\right) - \cos x\]
    2. Using strategy rm
    3. Applied diff-cos37.9

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-2 \cdot \left(\sin \left(\frac{\left(x + \varepsilon\right) - x}{2}\right) \cdot \sin \left(\frac{\left(x + \varepsilon\right) + x}{2}\right)\right)}\]
    4. Simplified0.5

      \[\leadsto -2 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\sin \left(\frac{\left(x + x\right) + \varepsilon}{2}\right) \cdot \sin \left(\frac{\varepsilon}{2}\right)\right)}\]

    if 4.281691232032822e-05 < eps

    1. Initial program 30.9

      \[\cos \left(x + \varepsilon\right) - \cos x\]
    2. Using strategy rm
    3. Applied cos-sum0.9

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\cos x \cdot \cos \varepsilon - \sin x \cdot \sin \varepsilon\right)} - \cos x\]
    4. Applied associate--l-0.9

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\cos x \cdot \cos \varepsilon - \left(\sin x \cdot \sin \varepsilon + \cos x\right)}\]
  3. Recombined 3 regimes into one program.
  4. Final simplification0.7

    \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;\varepsilon \le -0.0001216667040455498:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(\cos x \cdot \cos \varepsilon - \sin x \cdot \sin \varepsilon\right) - \cos x\\ \mathbf{elif}\;\varepsilon \le 4.281691232032822 \cdot 10^{-05}:\\ \;\;\;\;-2 \cdot \left(\sin \left(\frac{\varepsilon}{2}\right) \cdot \sin \left(\frac{\left(x + x\right) + \varepsilon}{2}\right)\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\cos x \cdot \cos \varepsilon - \left(\cos x + \sin x \cdot \sin \varepsilon\right)\\ \end{array}\]

Reproduce

herbie shell --seed 2019007 
(FPCore (x eps)
  :name "2cos (problem 3.3.5)"
  (- (cos (+ x eps)) (cos x)))

Details

Time bar (total: 16.1s)Debug log

sample176.0ms

Algorithm
intervals

simplify4.0ms

Counts
1 → 1
Calls

1 calls. Slowest were:

4.0ms
(- (cos (+ x eps)) (cos x))

prune5.0ms

Pruning

1 alts after pruning (1 fresh and 0 done)

Merged error: 40.3b

localize14.0ms

Local error

Found 2 expressions with local error:

4.4b
(cos (+ x eps))
1.0b
(- (cos (+ x eps)) (cos x))

rewrite6.0ms

Algorithm
rewrite-expression-head
Counts
2 → 24
Calls

2 calls. Slowest were:

4.0ms
(- (cos (+ x eps)) (cos x))
2.0ms
(cos (+ x eps))

series77.0ms

Counts
2 → 6
Calls

2 calls. Slowest were:

65.0ms
(- (cos (+ x eps)) (cos x))
12.0ms
(cos (+ x eps))

simplify387.0ms

Counts
13 → 30
Calls

13 calls. Slowest were:

235.0ms
(- (* 1/6 (* (pow x 3) eps)) (+ (* 1/2 (pow eps 2)) (* x eps)))
87.0ms
(- 1 (+ (* x eps) (* 1/2 (pow x 2))))
25.0ms
(* (sin (/ (- (+ x eps) x) 2)) (sin (/ (+ (+ x eps) x) 2)))

prune241.0ms

Pruning

7 alts after pruning (7 fresh and 0 done)

Merged error: 0.3b

localize52.0ms

Local error

Found 3 expressions with local error:

4.4b
(sin (/ (+ (+ x x) eps) 2))
0.3b
(* (sin (/ (+ (+ x x) eps) 2)) (sin (/ eps 2)))
0.2b
(/ (+ (+ x x) eps) 2)

rewrite36.0ms

Algorithm
rewrite-expression-head
Counts
3 → 40
Calls

3 calls. Slowest were:

19.0ms
(* (sin (/ (+ (+ x x) eps) 2)) (sin (/ eps 2)))
9.0ms
(sin (/ (+ (+ x x) eps) 2))
7.0ms
(/ (+ (+ x x) eps) 2)

series135.0ms

Counts
3 → 9
Calls

3 calls. Slowest were:

97.0ms
(* (sin (/ (+ (+ x x) eps) 2)) (sin (/ eps 2)))
22.0ms
(sin (/ (+ (+ x x) eps) 2))
16.0ms
(/ (+ (+ x x) eps) 2)

simplify960.0ms

Counts
22 → 49
Calls

22 calls. Slowest were:

257.0ms
(- (* (+ x x) (+ x x)) (* eps eps))
234.0ms
(- (+ (* 1/4 (pow eps 2)) (* 1/2 (* x eps))) (* 1/12 (* (pow x 3) eps)))
128.0ms
(+ (pow (+ x x) 3) (pow eps 3))

prune495.0ms

Pruning

9 alts after pruning (8 fresh and 1 done)

Merged error: 0.2b

localize25.0ms

Local error

Found 4 expressions with local error:

4.4b
(sin (/ (+ (+ x x) eps) 2))
0.6b
(cbrt (sin (/ eps 2)))
0.6b
(cbrt (sin (/ eps 2)))
0.6b
(cbrt (sin (/ eps 2)))

rewrite14.0ms

Algorithm
rewrite-expression-head
Counts
4 → 40
Calls

4 calls. Slowest were:

9.0ms
(sin (/ (+ (+ x x) eps) 2))
2.0ms
(cbrt (sin (/ eps 2)))
1.0ms
(cbrt (sin (/ eps 2)))

series504.0ms

Counts
4 → 12
Calls

4 calls. Slowest were:

180.0ms
(cbrt (sin (/ eps 2)))
148.0ms
(cbrt (sin (/ eps 2)))
146.0ms
(cbrt (sin (/ eps 2)))
29.0ms
(sin (/ (+ (+ x x) eps) 2))

simplify1.2s

Counts
21 → 52
Calls

21 calls. Slowest were:

365.0ms
(- (exp (* 1/3 (+ (log 1/2) (log eps)))) (+ (* 1/51840 (* (exp (* 1/3 (+ (log 1/2) (log eps)))) (pow eps 4))) (* 1/72 (* (exp (* 1/3 (+ (log 1/2) (log eps)))) (pow eps 2)))))
342.0ms
(- (exp (* 1/3 (+ (log 1/2) (log eps)))) (+ (* 1/51840 (* (exp (* 1/3 (+ (log 1/2) (log eps)))) (pow eps 4))) (* 1/72 (* (exp (* 1/3 (+ (log 1/2) (log eps)))) (pow eps 2)))))
307.0ms
(- (exp (* 1/3 (+ (log 1/2) (log eps)))) (+ (* 1/51840 (* (exp (* 1/3 (+ (log 1/2) (log eps)))) (pow eps 4))) (* 1/72 (* (exp (* 1/3 (+ (log 1/2) (log eps)))) (pow eps 2)))))

prune752.0ms

Pruning

11 alts after pruning (10 fresh and 1 done)

Merged error: 0.2b

localize31.0ms

Local error

Found 4 expressions with local error:

4.4b
(sin (/ (+ (+ x x) eps) 2))
0.6b
(cbrt (* (* (cbrt (sin (/ eps 2))) (cbrt (sin (/ eps 2)))) (cbrt (sin (/ eps 2)))))
0.6b
(cbrt (sin (/ eps 2)))
0.6b
(cbrt (sin (/ eps 2)))

rewrite34.0ms

Algorithm
rewrite-expression-head
Counts
4 → 39
Calls

4 calls. Slowest were:

21.0ms
(cbrt (* (* (cbrt (sin (/ eps 2))) (cbrt (sin (/ eps 2)))) (cbrt (sin (/ eps 2)))))
9.0ms
(sin (/ (+ (+ x x) eps) 2))
2.0ms
(cbrt (sin (/ eps 2)))

series565.0ms

Counts
4 → 12
Calls

4 calls. Slowest were:

201.0ms
(cbrt (sin (/ eps 2)))
175.0ms
(cbrt (sin (/ eps 2)))
158.0ms
(cbrt (* (* (cbrt (sin (/ eps 2))) (cbrt (sin (/ eps 2)))) (cbrt (sin (/ eps 2)))))
31.0ms
(sin (/ (+ (+ x x) eps) 2))

simplify981.0ms

Counts
20 → 51
Calls

20 calls. Slowest were:

323.0ms
(- (exp (* 1/3 (+ (log 1/2) (log eps)))) (+ (* 1/51840 (* (exp (* 1/3 (+ (log 1/2) (log eps)))) (pow eps 4))) (* 1/72 (* (exp (* 1/3 (+ (log 1/2) (log eps)))) (pow eps 2)))))
290.0ms
(- (exp (* 1/3 (+ (log 1/2) (log eps)))) (+ (* 1/51840 (* (exp (* 1/3 (+ (log 1/2) (log eps)))) (pow eps 4))) (* 1/72 (* (exp (* 1/3 (+ (log 1/2) (log eps)))) (pow eps 2)))))
265.0ms
(- (exp (* 1/3 (+ (log 1/2) (log eps)))) (+ (* 1/51840 (* (exp (* 1/3 (+ (log 1/2) (log eps)))) (pow eps 4))) (* 1/72 (* (exp (* 1/3 (+ (log 1/2) (log eps)))) (pow eps 2)))))

prune757.0ms

Pruning

11 alts after pruning (9 fresh and 2 done)

Merged error: 0.2b

regimes241.0ms

Accuracy

97.8% (0.3b remaining)

Error of 0.7b against oracle of 0.4b and baseline of 15.1b

bsearch237.0ms

end0.0ms

sample8.2s

Algorithm
intervals