Average Error: 14.8 → 0.0
Time: 13.5s
Precision: 64
Internal Precision: 128
\[\frac{x}{x \cdot x + 1}\]
\[\begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \le -1.0208141978551163 \cdot 10^{+48} \lor \neg \left(x \le 423.1303199100469\right):\\ \;\;\;\;\left(\frac{1}{x} + \frac{1}{{x}^{5}}\right) - \frac{1}{{x}^{3}}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{x}{(x \cdot x + 1)_*}\\ \end{array}\]

Error

Bits error versus x

Target

Original14.8
Target0.1
Herbie0.0
\[\frac{1}{x + \frac{1}{x}}\]

Derivation

  1. Split input into 2 regimes
  2. if x < -1.0208141978551163e+48 or 423.1303199100469 < x

    1. Initial program 32.1

      \[\frac{x}{x \cdot x + 1}\]
    2. Simplified32.1

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{x}{(x \cdot x + 1)_*}}\]
    3. Taylor expanded around inf 0.0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{{x}^{5}} + \frac{1}{x}\right) - \frac{1}{{x}^{3}}}\]

    if -1.0208141978551163e+48 < x < 423.1303199100469

    1. Initial program 0.0

      \[\frac{x}{x \cdot x + 1}\]
    2. Simplified0.0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{x}{(x \cdot x + 1)_*}}\]
  3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
  4. Final simplification0.0

    \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \le -1.0208141978551163 \cdot 10^{+48} \lor \neg \left(x \le 423.1303199100469\right):\\ \;\;\;\;\left(\frac{1}{x} + \frac{1}{{x}^{5}}\right) - \frac{1}{{x}^{3}}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{x}{(x \cdot x + 1)_*}\\ \end{array}\]

Reproduce

herbie shell --seed 2019005 +o rules:numerics
(FPCore (x)
  :name "x / (x^2 + 1)"

  :herbie-target
  (/ 1 (+ x (/ 1 x)))

  (/ x (+ (* x x) 1)))

Details

Time bar (total: 13.0s)Debug log

sample30.0ms

Algorithm
intervals

simplify5.0ms

Counts
1 → 1
Calls

1 calls. Slowest were:

5.0ms
(/ x (+ (* x x) 1))

prune17.0ms

Pruning

1 alts after pruning (1 fresh and 0 done)

Merged error: 14.3b

localize7.0ms

Local error

Found 1 expressions with local error:

14.3b
(/ x (fma x x 1))

rewrite1.0ms

Algorithm
rewrite-expression-head
Counts
1 → 15
Calls

1 calls. Slowest were:

1.0ms
(/ x (fma x x 1))

series22.0ms

Counts
1 → 3
Calls

1 calls. Slowest were:

22.0ms
(/ x (fma x x 1))

simplify152.0ms

Counts
6 → 18
Calls

6 calls. Slowest were:

59.0ms
(- (+ (/ 1 (pow x 5)) (/ 1 x)) (/ 1 (pow x 3)))
58.0ms
(- (+ (/ 1 (pow x 5)) (/ 1 x)) (/ 1 (pow x 3)))
29.0ms
(- (+ x (pow x 5)) (pow x 3))

prune145.0ms

Pruning

3 alts after pruning (2 fresh and 1 done)

Merged error: 0b

localize15.0ms

Local error

Found 3 expressions with local error:

14.2b
(sqrt (fma x x 1))
14.2b
(sqrt (fma x x 1))
0.0b
(/ (/ x (sqrt (fma x x 1))) (sqrt (fma x x 1)))

rewrite14.0ms

Algorithm
rewrite-expression-head
Counts
3 → 77
Calls

3 calls. Slowest were:

9.0ms
(/ (/ x (sqrt (fma x x 1))) (sqrt (fma x x 1)))
2.0ms
(sqrt (fma x x 1))
2.0ms
(sqrt (fma x x 1))

series105.0ms

Counts
3 → 9
Calls

3 calls. Slowest were:

37.0ms
(/ (/ x (sqrt (fma x x 1))) (sqrt (fma x x 1)))
35.0ms
(sqrt (fma x x 1))
32.0ms
(sqrt (fma x x 1))

simplify1.9s

Counts
75 → 86
Calls

75 calls. Slowest were:

244.0ms
(- (+ x (* 1/2 (/ 1 x))) (* 1/8 (/ 1 (pow x 3))))
223.0ms
(/ (* (* (/ x (sqrt (fma x x 1))) (/ x (sqrt (fma x x 1)))) (/ x (sqrt (fma x x 1)))) (* (* (sqrt (fma x x 1)) (sqrt (fma x x 1))) (sqrt (fma x x 1))))
202.0ms
(- (* 1/8 (/ 1 (pow x 3))) (+ x (* 1/2 (/ 1 x))))

prune730.0ms

Pruning

3 alts after pruning (1 fresh and 2 done)

Merged error: 0b

localize39.0ms

Local error

Found 4 expressions with local error:

20.7b
(- (+ (/ 1 (pow x 5)) (/ 1 x)) (/ 1 (pow x 3)))
0.2b
(/ 1 (pow x 3))
0.1b
(/ 1 (pow x 5))
0.0b
(+ (/ 1 (pow x 5)) (/ 1 x))

rewrite55.0ms

Algorithm
rewrite-expression-head
Counts
4 → 127
Calls

4 calls. Slowest were:

47.0ms
(- (+ (/ 1 (pow x 5)) (/ 1 x)) (/ 1 (pow x 3)))
4.0ms
(+ (/ 1 (pow x 5)) (/ 1 x))
1.0ms
(/ 1 (pow x 3))

series95.0ms

Counts
4 → 12
Calls

4 calls. Slowest were:

38.0ms
(+ (/ 1 (pow x 5)) (/ 1 x))
21.0ms
(- (+ (/ 1 (pow x 5)) (/ 1 x)) (/ 1 (pow x 3)))
19.0ms
(/ 1 (pow x 3))
17.0ms
(/ 1 (pow x 5))

simplify7.6s

Counts
109 → 139
Calls

109 calls. Slowest were:

503.0ms
(* (- (/ 1 (pow x 5)) (/ 1 x)) (pow x 3))
452.0ms
(/ (exp (+ (/ 1 (pow x 5)) (/ 1 x))) (exp (/ 1 (pow x 3))))
328.0ms
(- (* (+ (pow (/ 1 (pow x 5)) 3) (pow (/ 1 x) 3)) (pow x 3)) (* (+ (* (/ 1 (pow x 5)) (/ 1 (pow x 5))) (- (* (/ 1 x) (/ 1 x)) (* (/ 1 (pow x 5)) (/ 1 x)))) 1))

prune1.3s

Pruning

3 alts after pruning (0 fresh and 3 done)

Merged error: 0b

regimes52.0ms

Accuracy

99.9% (0.0b remaining)

Error of 0.0b against oracle of 0.0b and baseline of 14.7b

bsearch76.0ms

end0.0ms

sample663.0ms

Algorithm
intervals