Average Error: 39.6 → 0.3
Time: 14.8s
Precision: 64
Internal Precision: 128
\[\frac{e^{x} - 1}{x}\]
\[\begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \le -0.0002382015532037084:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{1 + \sqrt{e^{x}}}{\frac{x}{\sqrt{e^{x}} - 1}}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;x \cdot \frac{1}{2} + \left(\frac{1}{6} \cdot {x}^{2} + 1\right)\\ \end{array}\]

Error

Bits error versus x

Try it out

Your Program's Arguments

Results

Enter valid numbers for all inputs

Target

Original39.6
Target38.7
Herbie0.3
\[\begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \lt 1 \land x \gt -1:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{e^{x} - 1}{\log \left(e^{x}\right)}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{e^{x} - 1}{x}\\ \end{array}\]

Derivation

  1. Split input into 2 regimes
  2. if x < -0.0002382015532037084

    1. Initial program 0.0

      \[\frac{e^{x} - 1}{x}\]
    2. Using strategy rm
    3. Applied add-sqr-sqrt0.1

      \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\sqrt{e^{x}} \cdot \sqrt{e^{x}}} - 1}{x}\]
    4. Applied difference-of-sqr-10.1

      \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{e^{x}} + 1\right) \cdot \left(\sqrt{e^{x}} - 1\right)}}{x}\]
    5. Applied associate-/l*0.1

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{e^{x}} + 1}{\frac{x}{\sqrt{e^{x}} - 1}}}\]

    if -0.0002382015532037084 < x

    1. Initial program 59.9

      \[\frac{e^{x} - 1}{x}\]
    2. Taylor expanded around 0 0.5

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{2} \cdot x + \left(\frac{1}{6} \cdot {x}^{2} + 1\right)}\]
  3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
  4. Final simplification0.3

    \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \le -0.0002382015532037084:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{1 + \sqrt{e^{x}}}{\frac{x}{\sqrt{e^{x}} - 1}}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;x \cdot \frac{1}{2} + \left(\frac{1}{6} \cdot {x}^{2} + 1\right)\\ \end{array}\]

Reproduce

herbie shell --seed 2019005 
(FPCore (x)
  :name "Kahan's exp quotient"

  :herbie-target
  (if (and (< x 1) (> x -1)) (/ (- (exp x) 1) (log (exp x))) (/ (- (exp x) 1) x))

  (/ (- (exp x) 1) x))

Details

Time bar (total: 14.0s)Debug log

sample86.0ms

Algorithm
intervals

simplify14.0ms

Counts
1 → 1
Calls

1 calls. Slowest were:

14.0ms
(/ (- (exp x) 1) x)

prune8.0ms

Pruning

1 alts after pruning (1 fresh and 0 done)

Merged error: 39.7b

localize17.0ms

Local error

Found 2 expressions with local error:

4.5b
(- (exp x) 1)
0.0b
(/ (- (exp x) 1) x)

rewrite35.0ms

Algorithm
rewrite-expression-head
Counts
2 → 29
Calls

2 calls. Slowest were:

28.0ms
(/ (- (exp x) 1) x)
6.0ms
(- (exp x) 1)

series37.0ms

Counts
2 → 6
Calls

2 calls. Slowest were:

22.0ms
(/ (- (exp x) 1) x)
15.0ms
(- (exp x) 1)

simplify368.0ms

Counts
13 → 35
Calls

13 calls. Slowest were:

141.0ms
(+ x (+ (* 1/6 (pow x 3)) (* 1/2 (pow x 2))))
111.0ms
(* -1 (/ (- 1 (exp x)) x))
30.0ms
(- (* (exp x) (exp x)) (* 1 1))

prune299.0ms

Pruning

6 alts after pruning (6 fresh and 0 done)

Merged error: 0.1b

localize29.0ms

Local error

Found 2 expressions with local error:

0.4b
(* 1/6 (pow x 2))
0.0b
(+ (* 1/2 x) (+ (* 1/6 (pow x 2)) 1))

rewrite13.0ms

Algorithm
rewrite-expression-head
Counts
2 → 24
Calls

2 calls. Slowest were:

10.0ms
(+ (* 1/2 x) (+ (* 1/6 (pow x 2)) 1))
2.0ms
(* 1/6 (pow x 2))

series30.0ms

Counts
2 → 6
Calls

2 calls. Slowest were:

20.0ms
(* 1/6 (pow x 2))
10.0ms
(+ (* 1/2 x) (+ (* 1/6 (pow x 2)) 1))

simplify181.0ms

Counts
10 → 30
Calls

10 calls. Slowest were:

42.0ms
(+ (* 1/2 x) (+ (* 1/6 (pow x 2)) 1))
39.0ms
(* (exp (* 1/2 x)) (exp (+ (* 1/6 (pow x 2)) 1)))
38.0ms
(+ (* 1/2 x) (+ (* 1/6 (pow x 2)) 1))

prune312.0ms

Pruning

7 alts after pruning (6 fresh and 1 done)

Merged error: 0.1b

localize19.0ms

Local error

Found 4 expressions with local error:

8.0b
(cbrt (+ (* 1/2 x) (+ (* 1/6 (pow x 2)) 1)))
8.0b
(cbrt (+ (* 1/2 x) (+ (* 1/6 (pow x 2)) 1)))
8.0b
(cbrt (+ (* 1/2 x) (+ (* 1/6 (pow x 2)) 1)))
0.4b
(* 1/6 (pow x 2))

rewrite28.0ms

Algorithm
rewrite-expression-head
Counts
4 → 51
Calls

4 calls. Slowest were:

10.0ms
(cbrt (+ (* 1/2 x) (+ (* 1/6 (pow x 2)) 1)))
8.0ms
(cbrt (+ (* 1/2 x) (+ (* 1/6 (pow x 2)) 1)))
7.0ms
(cbrt (+ (* 1/2 x) (+ (* 1/6 (pow x 2)) 1)))

series220.0ms

Counts
4 → 12
Calls

4 calls. Slowest were:

67.0ms
(cbrt (+ (* 1/2 x) (+ (* 1/6 (pow x 2)) 1)))
67.0ms
(cbrt (+ (* 1/2 x) (+ (* 1/6 (pow x 2)) 1)))
67.0ms
(cbrt (+ (* 1/2 x) (+ (* 1/6 (pow x 2)) 1)))
20.0ms
(* 1/6 (pow x 2))

simplify3.2s

Counts
30 → 63
Calls

30 calls. Slowest were:

396.0ms
(cbrt (+ (pow (* 1/2 x) 3) (pow (+ (* 1/6 (pow x 2)) 1) 3)))
385.0ms
(cbrt (+ (pow (* 1/2 x) 3) (pow (+ (* 1/6 (pow x 2)) 1) 3)))
325.0ms
(+ (/ (exp (* 1/3 (- (log 1/6) (* 2 (log (/ -1 x)))))) x) (+ (/ (exp (* 1/3 (- (log 1/6) (* 2 (log (/ -1 x)))))) (pow x 2)) (exp (* 1/3 (- (log 1/6) (* 2 (log (/ -1 x))))))))

prune751.0ms

Pruning

7 alts after pruning (6 fresh and 1 done)

Merged error: 0.1b

localize25.0ms

Local error

Found 4 expressions with local error:

8.0b
(cbrt (+ (* 1/2 x) (+ (* 1/6 (pow x 2)) 1)))
8.0b
(cbrt (+ (* 1/2 x) (+ (* 1/6 (pow x 2)) 1)))
8.0b
(cbrt (+ (* 1/2 x) (+ (* 1/6 (pow x 2)) 1)))
8.0b
(cbrt (+ (* 1/2 x) (+ (* 1/6 (pow x 2)) 1)))

rewrite21.0ms

Algorithm
rewrite-expression-head
Counts
4 → 52
Calls

4 calls. Slowest were:

7.0ms
(cbrt (+ (* 1/2 x) (+ (* 1/6 (pow x 2)) 1)))
6.0ms
(cbrt (+ (* 1/2 x) (+ (* 1/6 (pow x 2)) 1)))
4.0ms
(cbrt (+ (* 1/2 x) (+ (* 1/6 (pow x 2)) 1)))

series197.0ms

Counts
4 → 12
Calls

4 calls. Slowest were:

56.0ms
(cbrt (+ (* 1/2 x) (+ (* 1/6 (pow x 2)) 1)))
50.0ms
(cbrt (+ (* 1/2 x) (+ (* 1/6 (pow x 2)) 1)))
48.0ms
(cbrt (+ (* 1/2 x) (+ (* 1/6 (pow x 2)) 1)))
43.0ms
(cbrt (+ (* 1/2 x) (+ (* 1/6 (pow x 2)) 1)))

simplify4.3s

Counts
32 → 64
Calls

32 calls. Slowest were:

473.0ms
(cbrt (+ (pow (* 1/2 x) 3) (pow (+ (* 1/6 (pow x 2)) 1) 3)))
413.0ms
(cbrt (+ (pow (* 1/2 x) 3) (pow (+ (* 1/6 (pow x 2)) 1) 3)))
410.0ms
(cbrt (+ (pow (* 1/2 x) 3) (pow (+ (* 1/6 (pow x 2)) 1) 3)))

prune939.0ms

Pruning

7 alts after pruning (6 fresh and 1 done)

Merged error: 0.1b

regimes62.0ms

Accuracy

98.6% (0.3b remaining)

Error of 0.3b against oracle of 0.0b and baseline of 21.2b

bsearch41.0ms

end0.0ms

sample2.7s

Algorithm
intervals