Average Error: 29.4 → 0.4
Time: 17.1s
Precision: 64
Internal Precision: 128
\[e^{a \cdot x} - 1\]
\[\begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;a \cdot x \le -0.0005872069461981768:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{1}{e^{a \cdot x} + 1} \cdot \left(e^{a \cdot x} \cdot e^{a \cdot x} - 1\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;a \cdot x + \left(\frac{1}{2} + \left(x \cdot \frac{1}{6}\right) \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(\left(a \cdot x\right) \cdot \left(a \cdot x\right)\right)\\ \end{array}\]

Error

Bits error versus a

Bits error versus x

Try it out

Your Program's Arguments

Results

Enter valid numbers for all inputs

Target

Original29.4
Target0.2
Herbie0.4
\[\begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;\left|a \cdot x\right| \lt \frac{1}{10}:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(a \cdot x\right) \cdot \left(1 + \left(\frac{a \cdot x}{2} + \frac{{\left(a \cdot x\right)}^{2}}{6}\right)\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;e^{a \cdot x} - 1\\ \end{array}\]

Derivation

  1. Split input into 2 regimes
  2. if (* a x) < -0.0005872069461981768

    1. Initial program 0.0

      \[e^{a \cdot x} - 1\]
    2. Using strategy rm
    3. Applied flip--0.0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{e^{a \cdot x} \cdot e^{a \cdot x} - 1 \cdot 1}{e^{a \cdot x} + 1}}\]
    4. Using strategy rm
    5. Applied div-inv0.0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(e^{a \cdot x} \cdot e^{a \cdot x} - 1 \cdot 1\right) \cdot \frac{1}{e^{a \cdot x} + 1}}\]

    if -0.0005872069461981768 < (* a x)

    1. Initial program 44.3

      \[e^{a \cdot x} - 1\]
    2. Taylor expanded around 0 14.3

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot {x}^{2}\right) + \left(a \cdot x + \frac{1}{6} \cdot \left({a}^{3} \cdot {x}^{3}\right)\right)}\]
    3. Simplified0.5

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\left(a \cdot x\right) \cdot \left(a \cdot x\right)\right) \cdot \left(a \cdot \left(x \cdot \frac{1}{6}\right) + \frac{1}{2}\right) + a \cdot x}\]
  3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
  4. Final simplification0.4

    \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;a \cdot x \le -0.0005872069461981768:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{1}{e^{a \cdot x} + 1} \cdot \left(e^{a \cdot x} \cdot e^{a \cdot x} - 1\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;a \cdot x + \left(\frac{1}{2} + \left(x \cdot \frac{1}{6}\right) \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(\left(a \cdot x\right) \cdot \left(a \cdot x\right)\right)\\ \end{array}\]

Reproduce

herbie shell --seed 2019005 
(FPCore (a x)
  :name "expax (section 3.5)"

  :herbie-target
  (if (< (fabs (* a x)) 1/10) (* (* a x) (+ 1 (+ (/ (* a x) 2) (/ (pow (* a x) 2) 6)))) (- (exp (* a x)) 1))

  (- (exp (* a x)) 1))

Details

Time bar (total: 16.5s)Debug log

sample97.0ms

Algorithm
intervals

simplify5.0ms

Counts
1 → 1
Calls

1 calls. Slowest were:

5.0ms
(- (exp (* a x)) 1)

prune4.0ms

Pruning

1 alts after pruning (1 fresh and 0 done)

Merged error: 30.8b

localize9.0ms

Local error

Found 1 expressions with local error:

4.4b
(- (exp (* a x)) 1)

rewrite5.0ms

Algorithm
rewrite-expression-head
Counts
1 → 12
Calls

1 calls. Slowest were:

5.0ms
(- (exp (* a x)) 1)

series25.0ms

Counts
1 → 3
Calls

1 calls. Slowest were:

25.0ms
(- (exp (* a x)) 1)

simplify385.0ms

Counts
4 → 15
Calls

4 calls. Slowest were:

364.0ms
(+ (* 1/2 (* (pow a 2) (pow x 2))) (+ (* a x) (* 1/6 (* (pow a 3) (pow x 3)))))
9.0ms
(- (exp (* a x)) 1)
6.0ms
(+ (sqrt (exp (* a x))) 1)

prune155.0ms

Pruning

2 alts after pruning (2 fresh and 0 done)

Merged error: 0.0b

localize23.0ms

Local error

Found 4 expressions with local error:

0.3b
(* x 1/6)
0.2b
(* (* a x) (* a x))
0.2b
(* a (* x 1/6))
0.0b
(* (* (* a x) (* a x)) (+ (* a (* x 1/6)) 1/2))

rewrite28.0ms

Algorithm
rewrite-expression-head
Counts
4 → 55
Calls

4 calls. Slowest were:

15.0ms
(* (* (* a x) (* a x)) (+ (* a (* x 1/6)) 1/2))
9.0ms
(* (* a x) (* a x))
2.0ms
(* a (* x 1/6))

series125.0ms

Counts
4 → 12
Calls

4 calls. Slowest were:

80.0ms
(* (* (* a x) (* a x)) (+ (* a (* x 1/6)) 1/2))
19.0ms
(* a (* x 1/6))
18.0ms
(* (* a x) (* a x))
7.0ms
(* x 1/6)

simplify3.0s

Counts
32 → 67
Calls

32 calls. Slowest were:

604.0ms
(* (* (* (* a x) (* a x)) (* a x)) (* (* (* a x) (* a x)) (* a x)))
308.0ms
(+ (* 1/6 (* (pow a 3) (pow x 3))) (* 1/2 (* (pow a 2) (pow x 2))))
278.0ms
(* (* (* (* (* a x) (* a x)) (* (* a x) (* a x))) (* (* a x) (* a x))) (* (* (+ (* a (* x 1/6)) 1/2) (+ (* a (* x 1/6)) 1/2)) (+ (* a (* x 1/6)) 1/2)))

prune591.0ms

Pruning

2 alts after pruning (1 fresh and 1 done)

Merged error: 0.0b

localize28.0ms

Local error

Found 4 expressions with local error:

4.4b
(- (* (exp (* a x)) (exp (* a x))) (* 1 1))
0.0b
(* (exp (* a x)) (exp (* a x)))
0.0b
(+ (exp (* a x)) 1)
0.0b
(/ (- (* (exp (* a x)) (exp (* a x))) (* 1 1)) (+ (exp (* a x)) 1))

rewrite68.0ms

Algorithm
rewrite-expression-head
Counts
4 → 81
Calls

4 calls. Slowest were:

34.0ms
(/ (- (* (exp (* a x)) (exp (* a x))) (* 1 1)) (+ (exp (* a x)) 1))
14.0ms
(- (* (exp (* a x)) (exp (* a x))) (* 1 1))
11.0ms
(* (exp (* a x)) (exp (* a x)))

series145.0ms

Counts
4 → 12
Calls

4 calls. Slowest were:

61.0ms
(/ (- (* (exp (* a x)) (exp (* a x))) (* 1 1)) (+ (exp (* a x)) 1))
56.0ms
(- (* (exp (* a x)) (exp (* a x))) (* 1 1))
15.0ms
(* (exp (* a x)) (exp (* a x)))
13.0ms
(+ (exp (* a x)) 1)

simplify3.6s

Counts
66 → 93
Calls

66 calls. Slowest were:

418.0ms
(/ (* (* (- (* (exp (* a x)) (exp (* a x))) (* 1 1)) (- (* (exp (* a x)) (exp (* a x))) (* 1 1))) (- (* (exp (* a x)) (exp (* a x))) (* 1 1))) (* (* (+ (exp (* a x)) 1) (+ (exp (* a x)) 1)) (+ (exp (* a x)) 1)))
383.0ms
(+ (* 2 (* (pow a 2) (pow x 2))) (+ (* 2 (* a x)) (* 4/3 (* (pow a 3) (pow x 3)))))
346.0ms
(+ (* 1/2 (* (pow a 2) (pow x 2))) (+ (* a x) (* 1/6 (* (pow a 3) (pow x 3)))))

prune931.0ms

Pruning

4 alts after pruning (3 fresh and 1 done)

Merged error: 0.0b

localize46.0ms

Local error

Found 4 expressions with local error:

17.0b
(* (pow a 3) (pow x 3))
15.6b
(* (pow a 2) (pow x 2))
13.3b
(+ (* 2 (* (pow a 2) (pow x 2))) (+ (* 2 (* a x)) (* 4/3 (* (pow a 3) (pow x 3)))))
0.1b
(* 4/3 (* (pow a 3) (pow x 3)))

rewrite35.0ms

Algorithm
rewrite-expression-head
Counts
4 → 68
Calls

4 calls. Slowest were:

19.0ms
(+ (* 2 (* (pow a 2) (pow x 2))) (+ (* 2 (* a x)) (* 4/3 (* (pow a 3) (pow x 3)))))
8.0ms
(* 4/3 (* (pow a 3) (pow x 3)))
3.0ms
(* (pow a 3) (pow x 3))

series227.0ms

Counts
4 → 12
Calls

4 calls. Slowest were:

90.0ms
(+ (* 2 (* (pow a 2) (pow x 2))) (+ (* 2 (* a x)) (* 4/3 (* (pow a 3) (pow x 3)))))
53.0ms
(* 4/3 (* (pow a 3) (pow x 3)))
49.0ms
(* (pow a 3) (pow x 3))
35.0ms
(* (pow a 2) (pow x 2))

simplify2.6s

Counts
40 → 80
Calls

40 calls. Slowest were:

375.0ms
(+ (* 2 (* (pow a 2) (pow x 2))) (+ (* 2 (* a x)) (* 4/3 (* (pow a 3) (pow x 3)))))
372.0ms
(+ (* 2 (* (pow a 2) (pow x 2))) (+ (* 2 (* a x)) (* 4/3 (* (pow a 3) (pow x 3)))))
362.0ms
(* (* (* (pow a 3) (pow a 3)) (pow a 3)) (* (* (pow x 3) (pow x 3)) (pow x 3)))

prune1.2s

Pruning

4 alts after pruning (3 fresh and 1 done)

Merged error: 0.0b

regimes274.0ms

Accuracy

98.8% (0.3b remaining)

Error of 0.4b against oracle of 0.1b and baseline of 21.0b

bsearch6.0ms

end0.0ms

sample2.9s

Algorithm
intervals