Average Error: 42.5 → 10.2
Time: 36.2s
Precision: 64
Internal Precision: 128
\[\frac{\sqrt{2} \cdot t}{\sqrt{\frac{x + 1}{x - 1} \cdot \left(\ell \cdot \ell + 2 \cdot \left(t \cdot t\right)\right) - \ell \cdot \ell}}\]
\[\begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;t \le -1.9568249621367978 \cdot 10^{+132}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{\sqrt{2} \cdot t}{-2 \cdot \frac{t}{x \cdot \sqrt{2}} + \sqrt{2} \cdot \left(-t\right)}\\ \mathbf{elif}\;t \le 1.8892369168961338 \cdot 10^{-296}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{t \cdot \left(\sqrt{\sqrt{2}} \cdot \sqrt{\sqrt{2}}\right)}{\sqrt{(2 \cdot \left((\left(\frac{\ell}{x}\right) \cdot \ell + \left(t \cdot t\right))_*\right) + \left(\frac{t}{x} \cdot \left(t \cdot 4\right)\right))_*}}\\ \mathbf{elif}\;t \le 2.0119524268798696 \cdot 10^{-152} \lor \neg \left(t \le 5.929057727108339 \cdot 10^{+103}\right):\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{\sqrt{2} \cdot t}{(\left(\frac{\frac{2}{x}}{\sqrt{2}}\right) \cdot t + \left(\sqrt{2} \cdot t\right))_*}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{\sqrt{2} \cdot t}{\sqrt{(2 \cdot \left((\left(\frac{\ell}{x}\right) \cdot \ell + \left(t \cdot t\right))_*\right) + \left(\frac{t}{x} \cdot \left(t \cdot 4\right)\right))_*}}\\ \end{array}\]

Error

Bits error versus x

Bits error versus l

Bits error versus t

Derivation

  1. Split input into 4 regimes
  2. if t < -1.9568249621367978e+132

    1. Initial program 56.5

      \[\frac{\sqrt{2} \cdot t}{\sqrt{\frac{x + 1}{x - 1} \cdot \left(\ell \cdot \ell + 2 \cdot \left(t \cdot t\right)\right) - \ell \cdot \ell}}\]
    2. Simplified56.5

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{t \cdot \sqrt{2}}{\sqrt{(\left((\left(2 \cdot t\right) \cdot t + \left(\ell \cdot \ell\right))_*\right) \cdot \left(\frac{1 + x}{-1 + x}\right) + \left(\ell \cdot \left(-\ell\right)\right))_*}}}\]
    3. Taylor expanded around -inf 2.6

      \[\leadsto \frac{t \cdot \sqrt{2}}{\color{blue}{-\left(t \cdot \sqrt{2} + 2 \cdot \frac{t}{\sqrt{2} \cdot x}\right)}}\]

    if -1.9568249621367978e+132 < t < 1.8892369168961338e-296

    1. Initial program 35.9

      \[\frac{\sqrt{2} \cdot t}{\sqrt{\frac{x + 1}{x - 1} \cdot \left(\ell \cdot \ell + 2 \cdot \left(t \cdot t\right)\right) - \ell \cdot \ell}}\]
    2. Simplified35.9

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{t \cdot \sqrt{2}}{\sqrt{(\left((\left(2 \cdot t\right) \cdot t + \left(\ell \cdot \ell\right))_*\right) \cdot \left(\frac{1 + x}{-1 + x}\right) + \left(\ell \cdot \left(-\ell\right)\right))_*}}}\]
    3. Taylor expanded around inf 17.5

      \[\leadsto \frac{t \cdot \sqrt{2}}{\sqrt{\color{blue}{2 \cdot {t}^{2} + \left(4 \cdot \frac{{t}^{2}}{x} + 2 \cdot \frac{{\ell}^{2}}{x}\right)}}}\]
    4. Simplified13.6

      \[\leadsto \frac{t \cdot \sqrt{2}}{\sqrt{\color{blue}{(2 \cdot \left((\left(\frac{\ell}{x}\right) \cdot \ell + \left(t \cdot t\right))_*\right) + \left(\left(t \cdot 4\right) \cdot \frac{t}{x}\right))_*}}}\]
    5. Taylor expanded around 0 13.6

      \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{t \cdot \sqrt{2}}}{\sqrt{(2 \cdot \left((\left(\frac{\ell}{x}\right) \cdot \ell + \left(t \cdot t\right))_*\right) + \left(\left(t \cdot 4\right) \cdot \frac{t}{x}\right))_*}}\]
    6. Using strategy rm
    7. Applied add-sqr-sqrt13.7

      \[\leadsto \frac{t \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{\sqrt{2}} \cdot \sqrt{\sqrt{2}}\right)}}{\sqrt{(2 \cdot \left((\left(\frac{\ell}{x}\right) \cdot \ell + \left(t \cdot t\right))_*\right) + \left(\left(t \cdot 4\right) \cdot \frac{t}{x}\right))_*}}\]
    8. Applied associate-*r*13.6

      \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\left(t \cdot \sqrt{\sqrt{2}}\right) \cdot \sqrt{\sqrt{2}}}}{\sqrt{(2 \cdot \left((\left(\frac{\ell}{x}\right) \cdot \ell + \left(t \cdot t\right))_*\right) + \left(\left(t \cdot 4\right) \cdot \frac{t}{x}\right))_*}}\]
    9. Using strategy rm
    10. Applied associate-*l*13.7

      \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{t \cdot \left(\sqrt{\sqrt{2}} \cdot \sqrt{\sqrt{2}}\right)}}{\sqrt{(2 \cdot \left((\left(\frac{\ell}{x}\right) \cdot \ell + \left(t \cdot t\right))_*\right) + \left(\left(t \cdot 4\right) \cdot \frac{t}{x}\right))_*}}\]

    if 1.8892369168961338e-296 < t < 2.0119524268798696e-152 or 5.929057727108339e+103 < t

    1. Initial program 53.8

      \[\frac{\sqrt{2} \cdot t}{\sqrt{\frac{x + 1}{x - 1} \cdot \left(\ell \cdot \ell + 2 \cdot \left(t \cdot t\right)\right) - \ell \cdot \ell}}\]
    2. Simplified53.8

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{t \cdot \sqrt{2}}{\sqrt{(\left((\left(2 \cdot t\right) \cdot t + \left(\ell \cdot \ell\right))_*\right) \cdot \left(\frac{1 + x}{-1 + x}\right) + \left(\ell \cdot \left(-\ell\right)\right))_*}}}\]
    3. Taylor expanded around inf 13.9

      \[\leadsto \frac{t \cdot \sqrt{2}}{\color{blue}{t \cdot \sqrt{2} + 2 \cdot \frac{t}{\sqrt{2} \cdot x}}}\]
    4. Simplified13.9

      \[\leadsto \frac{t \cdot \sqrt{2}}{\color{blue}{(\left(\frac{\frac{2}{x}}{\sqrt{2}}\right) \cdot t + \left(t \cdot \sqrt{2}\right))_*}}\]

    if 2.0119524268798696e-152 < t < 5.929057727108339e+103

    1. Initial program 25.2

      \[\frac{\sqrt{2} \cdot t}{\sqrt{\frac{x + 1}{x - 1} \cdot \left(\ell \cdot \ell + 2 \cdot \left(t \cdot t\right)\right) - \ell \cdot \ell}}\]
    2. Simplified25.2

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{t \cdot \sqrt{2}}{\sqrt{(\left((\left(2 \cdot t\right) \cdot t + \left(\ell \cdot \ell\right))_*\right) \cdot \left(\frac{1 + x}{-1 + x}\right) + \left(\ell \cdot \left(-\ell\right)\right))_*}}}\]
    3. Taylor expanded around inf 10.4

      \[\leadsto \frac{t \cdot \sqrt{2}}{\sqrt{\color{blue}{2 \cdot {t}^{2} + \left(4 \cdot \frac{{t}^{2}}{x} + 2 \cdot \frac{{\ell}^{2}}{x}\right)}}}\]
    4. Simplified5.3

      \[\leadsto \frac{t \cdot \sqrt{2}}{\sqrt{\color{blue}{(2 \cdot \left((\left(\frac{\ell}{x}\right) \cdot \ell + \left(t \cdot t\right))_*\right) + \left(\left(t \cdot 4\right) \cdot \frac{t}{x}\right))_*}}}\]
    5. Taylor expanded around 0 5.3

      \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{t \cdot \sqrt{2}}}{\sqrt{(2 \cdot \left((\left(\frac{\ell}{x}\right) \cdot \ell + \left(t \cdot t\right))_*\right) + \left(\left(t \cdot 4\right) \cdot \frac{t}{x}\right))_*}}\]
  3. Recombined 4 regimes into one program.
  4. Final simplification10.2

    \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;t \le -1.9568249621367978 \cdot 10^{+132}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{\sqrt{2} \cdot t}{-2 \cdot \frac{t}{x \cdot \sqrt{2}} + \sqrt{2} \cdot \left(-t\right)}\\ \mathbf{elif}\;t \le 1.8892369168961338 \cdot 10^{-296}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{t \cdot \left(\sqrt{\sqrt{2}} \cdot \sqrt{\sqrt{2}}\right)}{\sqrt{(2 \cdot \left((\left(\frac{\ell}{x}\right) \cdot \ell + \left(t \cdot t\right))_*\right) + \left(\frac{t}{x} \cdot \left(t \cdot 4\right)\right))_*}}\\ \mathbf{elif}\;t \le 2.0119524268798696 \cdot 10^{-152} \lor \neg \left(t \le 5.929057727108339 \cdot 10^{+103}\right):\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{\sqrt{2} \cdot t}{(\left(\frac{\frac{2}{x}}{\sqrt{2}}\right) \cdot t + \left(\sqrt{2} \cdot t\right))_*}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{\sqrt{2} \cdot t}{\sqrt{(2 \cdot \left((\left(\frac{\ell}{x}\right) \cdot \ell + \left(t \cdot t\right))_*\right) + \left(\frac{t}{x} \cdot \left(t \cdot 4\right)\right))_*}}\\ \end{array}\]

Reproduce

herbie shell --seed 2019004 +o rules:numerics
(FPCore (x l t)
  :name "Toniolo and Linder, Equation (7)"
  (/ (* (sqrt 2) t) (sqrt (- (* (/ (+ x 1) (- x 1)) (+ (* l l) (* 2 (* t t)))) (* l l)))))

Details

Time bar (total: 35.0s)Debug log

sample373.0ms

Algorithm
intervals

simplify420.0ms

Counts
1 → 1
Calls

1 calls. Slowest were:

419.0ms
(/ (* (sqrt 2) t) (sqrt (- (* (/ (+ x 1) (- x 1)) (+ (* l l) (* 2 (* t t)))) (* l l))))

prune18.0ms

Pruning

1 alts after pruning (1 fresh and 0 done)

Merged error: 44.4b

localize48.0ms

Local error

Found 4 expressions with local error:

23.8b
(sqrt (fma (fma (* 2 t) t (* l l)) (/ (+ 1 x) (+ -1 x)) (* l (- l))))
11.5b
(fma (fma (* 2 t) t (* l l)) (/ (+ 1 x) (+ -1 x)) (* l (- l)))
0.4b
(* t (sqrt 2))
0.0b
(/ (* t (sqrt 2)) (sqrt (fma (fma (* 2 t) t (* l l)) (/ (+ 1 x) (+ -1 x)) (* l (- l)))))

rewrite10.0ms

Algorithm
rewrite-expression-head
Counts
4 → 64
Calls

4 calls. Slowest were:

5.0ms
(/ (* t (sqrt 2)) (sqrt (fma (fma (* 2 t) t (* l l)) (/ (+ 1 x) (+ -1 x)) (* l (- l)))))
2.0ms
(sqrt (fma (fma (* 2 t) t (* l l)) (/ (+ 1 x) (+ -1 x)) (* l (- l))))
1.0ms
(* t (sqrt 2))

series605.0ms

Counts
4 → 12
Calls

4 calls. Slowest were:

323.0ms
(/ (* t (sqrt 2)) (sqrt (fma (fma (* 2 t) t (* l l)) (/ (+ 1 x) (+ -1 x)) (* l (- l)))))
180.0ms
(sqrt (fma (fma (* 2 t) t (* l l)) (/ (+ 1 x) (+ -1 x)) (* l (- l))))
73.0ms
(fma (fma (* 2 t) t (* l l)) (/ (+ 1 x) (+ -1 x)) (* l (- l)))
28.0ms
(* t (sqrt 2))

simplify11.8s

Counts
39 → 76
Calls

39 calls. Slowest were:

873.0ms
(sqrt (fma (fma (* 2 t) t (* l l)) (/ (+ 1 x) (+ -1 x)) (* l (- l))))
587.0ms
(/ (* (* (* t (sqrt 2)) (* t (sqrt 2))) (* t (sqrt 2))) (* (* (sqrt (fma (fma (* 2 t) t (* l l)) (/ (+ 1 x) (+ -1 x)) (* l (- l)))) (sqrt (fma (fma (* 2 t) t (* l l)) (/ (+ 1 x) (+ -1 x)) (* l (- l))))) (sqrt (fma (fma (* 2 t) t (* l l)) (/ (+ 1 x) (+ -1 x)) (* l (- l))))))
579.0ms
(/ (sqrt 2) (sqrt (fma (fma (* 2 t) t (* l l)) (/ (+ 1 x) (+ -1 x)) (* l (- l)))))

prune1.2s

Pruning

5 alts after pruning (5 fresh and 0 done)

Merged error: 2.9b

localize33.0ms

Local error

Found 4 expressions with local error:

28.6b
(sqrt (fma 2 (fma (/ l x) l (* t t)) (* (* t 4) (/ t x))))
5.8b
(fma 2 (fma (/ l x) l (* t t)) (* (* t 4) (/ t x)))
0.4b
(* t (sqrt 2))
0.1b
(* (* t 4) (/ t x))

rewrite7.0ms

Algorithm
rewrite-expression-head
Counts
4 → 56
Calls

4 calls. Slowest were:

3.0ms
(* (* t 4) (/ t x))
1.0ms
(sqrt (fma 2 (fma (/ l x) l (* t t)) (* (* t 4) (/ t x))))
1.0ms
(* t (sqrt 2))

series393.0ms

Counts
4 → 12
Calls

4 calls. Slowest were:

293.0ms
(sqrt (fma 2 (fma (/ l x) l (* t t)) (* (* t 4) (/ t x))))
52.0ms
(fma 2 (fma (/ l x) l (* t t)) (* (* t 4) (/ t x)))
28.0ms
(* t (sqrt 2))
20.0ms
(* (* t 4) (/ t x))

simplify1.2s

Counts
26 → 68
Calls

26 calls. Slowest were:

451.0ms
(* (* (* (* t 4) (* t 4)) (* t 4)) (* (* (/ t x) (/ t x)) (/ t x)))
124.0ms
(sqrt (fma 2 (fma (/ l x) l (* t t)) (* (* t 4) (/ t x))))
113.0ms
(+ (* 2 (pow t 2)) (+ (* 2 (/ (pow l 2) x)) (* 4 (/ (pow t 2) x))))

prune955.0ms

Pruning

8 alts after pruning (8 fresh and 0 done)

Merged error: 2.8b

localize1.0ms

Local error

Found 4 expressions with local error:

28.6b
(sqrt (fma 2 (fma (/ l x) l (* t t)) (* (* t 4) (/ t x))))
5.8b
(fma 2 (fma (/ l x) l (* t t)) (* (* t 4) (/ t x)))
0.4b
(* t (sqrt 2))
0.1b
(* (* t 4) (/ t x))

rewrite6.0ms

Algorithm
rewrite-expression-head
Counts
4 → 56
Calls

4 calls. Slowest were:

3.0ms
(* (* t 4) (/ t x))
1.0ms
(* t (sqrt 2))
1.0ms
(sqrt (fma 2 (fma (/ l x) l (* t t)) (* (* t 4) (/ t x))))

series331.0ms

Counts
4 → 12
Calls

4 calls. Slowest were:

250.0ms
(sqrt (fma 2 (fma (/ l x) l (* t t)) (* (* t 4) (/ t x))))
42.0ms
(fma 2 (fma (/ l x) l (* t t)) (* (* t 4) (/ t x)))
26.0ms
(* t (sqrt 2))
13.0ms
(* (* t 4) (/ t x))

simplify1.2s

Counts
26 → 68
Calls

26 calls. Slowest were:

470.0ms
(* (* (* (* t 4) (* t 4)) (* t 4)) (* (* (/ t x) (/ t x)) (/ t x)))
123.0ms
(sqrt (* (cbrt (fma 2 (fma (/ l x) l (* t t)) (* (* t 4) (/ t x)))) (cbrt (fma 2 (fma (/ l x) l (* t t)) (* (* t 4) (/ t x))))))
106.0ms
(sqrt (sqrt (fma 2 (fma (/ l x) l (* t t)) (* (* t 4) (/ t x)))))

prune902.0ms

Pruning

8 alts after pruning (7 fresh and 1 done)

Merged error: 2.8b

localize24.0ms

Local error

Found 4 expressions with local error:

28.6b
(sqrt (fma 2 (fma (/ l x) l (* t t)) (* (* t 4) (/ t x))))
5.8b
(fma 2 (fma (/ l x) l (* t t)) (* (* t 4) (/ t x)))
0.3b
(* (* t (sqrt (sqrt 2))) (sqrt (sqrt 2)))
0.2b
(* t (sqrt (sqrt 2)))

rewrite18.0ms

Algorithm
rewrite-expression-head
Counts
4 → 60
Calls

4 calls. Slowest were:

12.0ms
(* (* t (sqrt (sqrt 2))) (sqrt (sqrt 2)))
3.0ms
(* t (sqrt (sqrt 2)))
2.0ms
(sqrt (fma 2 (fma (/ l x) l (* t t)) (* (* t 4) (/ t x))))

series416.0ms

Counts
4 → 12
Calls

4 calls. Slowest were:

261.0ms
(sqrt (fma 2 (fma (/ l x) l (* t t)) (* (* t 4) (/ t x))))
62.0ms
(fma 2 (fma (/ l x) l (* t t)) (* (* t 4) (/ t x)))
55.0ms
(* t (sqrt (sqrt 2)))
38.0ms
(* (* t (sqrt (sqrt 2))) (sqrt (sqrt 2)))

simplify1.1s

Counts
31 → 72
Calls

31 calls. Slowest were:

426.0ms
(* (* (* (* t (sqrt (sqrt 2))) (* t (sqrt (sqrt 2)))) (* t (sqrt (sqrt 2)))) (* (* (sqrt (sqrt 2)) (sqrt (sqrt 2))) (sqrt (sqrt 2))))
158.0ms
(sqrt (* (cbrt (fma 2 (fma (/ l x) l (* t t)) (* (* t 4) (/ t x)))) (cbrt (fma 2 (fma (/ l x) l (* t t)) (* (* t 4) (/ t x))))))
153.0ms
(sqrt (sqrt (fma 2 (fma (/ l x) l (* t t)) (* (* t 4) (/ t x)))))

prune1.2s

Pruning

7 alts after pruning (6 fresh and 1 done)

Merged error: 2.8b

regimes272.0ms

Accuracy

74% (6.1b remaining)

Error of 10.2b against oracle of 4.1b and baseline of 27.6b

bsearch2.6s

end0.0ms

sample9.8s

Algorithm
intervals