Average Error: 29.7 → 0.3
Time: 12.0s
Precision: 64
Internal Precision: 128
\[e^{a \cdot x} - 1\]
\[\begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;a \cdot x \le -0.1310776707870944:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(\sqrt[3]{e^{a \cdot x} - 1} \cdot \sqrt[3]{e^{a \cdot x} - 1}\right) \cdot \left(\sqrt[3]{\sqrt[3]{e^{a \cdot x} - 1} \cdot \sqrt[3]{e^{a \cdot x} - 1}} \cdot \sqrt[3]{\sqrt[3]{e^{a \cdot x} - 1}}\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(\left(a \cdot x\right) \cdot \left(a \cdot x\right)\right) \cdot \left(a \cdot \left(\frac{1}{6} \cdot x\right) + \frac{1}{2}\right) + a \cdot x\\ \end{array}\]

Error

Bits error versus a

Bits error versus x

Try it out

Your Program's Arguments

Results

Enter valid numbers for all inputs

Target

Original29.7
Target0.2
Herbie0.3
\[\begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;\left|a \cdot x\right| \lt \frac{1}{10}:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(a \cdot x\right) \cdot \left(1 + \left(\frac{a \cdot x}{2} + \frac{{\left(a \cdot x\right)}^{2}}{6}\right)\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;e^{a \cdot x} - 1\\ \end{array}\]

Derivation

  1. Split input into 2 regimes
  2. if (* a x) < -0.1310776707870944

    1. Initial program 0.0

      \[e^{a \cdot x} - 1\]
    2. Using strategy rm
    3. Applied add-cube-cbrt0.0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt[3]{e^{a \cdot x} - 1} \cdot \sqrt[3]{e^{a \cdot x} - 1}\right) \cdot \sqrt[3]{e^{a \cdot x} - 1}}\]
    4. Using strategy rm
    5. Applied add-cube-cbrt0.0

      \[\leadsto \left(\sqrt[3]{e^{a \cdot x} - 1} \cdot \sqrt[3]{e^{a \cdot x} - 1}\right) \cdot \sqrt[3]{\color{blue}{\left(\sqrt[3]{e^{a \cdot x} - 1} \cdot \sqrt[3]{e^{a \cdot x} - 1}\right) \cdot \sqrt[3]{e^{a \cdot x} - 1}}}\]
    6. Applied cbrt-prod0.0

      \[\leadsto \left(\sqrt[3]{e^{a \cdot x} - 1} \cdot \sqrt[3]{e^{a \cdot x} - 1}\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt[3]{\sqrt[3]{e^{a \cdot x} - 1} \cdot \sqrt[3]{e^{a \cdot x} - 1}} \cdot \sqrt[3]{\sqrt[3]{e^{a \cdot x} - 1}}\right)}\]

    if -0.1310776707870944 < (* a x)

    1. Initial program 44.1

      \[e^{a \cdot x} - 1\]
    2. Taylor expanded around 0 14.7

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot {x}^{2}\right) + \left(a \cdot x + \frac{1}{6} \cdot \left({a}^{3} \cdot {x}^{3}\right)\right)}\]
    3. Simplified0.5

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\left(a \cdot x\right) \cdot \left(a \cdot x\right)\right) \cdot \left(a \cdot \left(x \cdot \frac{1}{6}\right) + \frac{1}{2}\right) + a \cdot x}\]
  3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
  4. Final simplification0.3

    \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;a \cdot x \le -0.1310776707870944:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(\sqrt[3]{e^{a \cdot x} - 1} \cdot \sqrt[3]{e^{a \cdot x} - 1}\right) \cdot \left(\sqrt[3]{\sqrt[3]{e^{a \cdot x} - 1} \cdot \sqrt[3]{e^{a \cdot x} - 1}} \cdot \sqrt[3]{\sqrt[3]{e^{a \cdot x} - 1}}\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(\left(a \cdot x\right) \cdot \left(a \cdot x\right)\right) \cdot \left(a \cdot \left(\frac{1}{6} \cdot x\right) + \frac{1}{2}\right) + a \cdot x\\ \end{array}\]

Reproduce

herbie shell --seed 2019004 
(FPCore (a x)
  :name "expax (section 3.5)"

  :herbie-target
  (if (< (fabs (* a x)) 1/10) (* (* a x) (+ 1 (+ (/ (* a x) 2) (/ (pow (* a x) 2) 6)))) (- (exp (* a x)) 1))

  (- (exp (* a x)) 1))

Details

Time bar (total: 11.0s)Debug log

sample100.0ms

Algorithm
intervals

simplify9.0ms

Counts
1 → 1
Calls

1 calls. Slowest were:

9.0ms
(- (exp (* a x)) 1)

prune8.0ms

Pruning

1 alts after pruning (1 fresh and 0 done)

Merged error: 31.3b

localize15.0ms

Local error

Found 2 expressions with local error:

5.1b
(- (exp (* a x)) 1)
0.0b
(exp (* a x))

rewrite10.0ms

Algorithm
rewrite-expression-head
Counts
2 → 21
Calls

2 calls. Slowest were:

8.0ms
(- (exp (* a x)) 1)
1.0ms
(exp (* a x))

series56.0ms

Counts
2 → 6
Calls

2 calls. Slowest were:

40.0ms
(- (exp (* a x)) 1)
17.0ms
(exp (* a x))

simplify390.0ms

Counts
9 → 27
Calls

9 calls. Slowest were:

261.0ms
(+ (* 1/2 (* (pow a 2) (pow x 2))) (+ (* a x) (* 1/6 (* (pow a 3) (pow x 3)))))
105.0ms
(+ (* a x) (+ (* 1/2 (* (pow a 2) (pow x 2))) 1))
6.0ms
(- (exp (* a x)) 1)

prune157.0ms

Pruning

5 alts after pruning (5 fresh and 0 done)

Merged error: 0.1b

localize15.0ms

Local error

Found 4 expressions with local error:

0.3b
(* x 1/6)
0.3b
(* (* a x) (* a x))
0.2b
(* a (* x 1/6))
0.0b
(* (* (* a x) (* a x)) (+ (* a (* x 1/6)) 1/2))

rewrite16.0ms

Algorithm
rewrite-expression-head
Counts
4 → 55
Calls

4 calls. Slowest were:

11.0ms
(* (* (* a x) (* a x)) (+ (* a (* x 1/6)) 1/2))
3.0ms
(* (* a x) (* a x))
1.0ms
(* a (* x 1/6))

series91.0ms

Counts
4 → 12
Calls

4 calls. Slowest were:

55.0ms
(* (* (* a x) (* a x)) (+ (* a (* x 1/6)) 1/2))
16.0ms
(* (* a x) (* a x))
13.0ms
(* a (* x 1/6))
7.0ms
(* x 1/6)

simplify2.3s

Counts
32 → 67
Calls

32 calls. Slowest were:

549.0ms
(* (* (* (* a x) (* a x)) (* a x)) (* (* (* a x) (* a x)) (* a x)))
257.0ms
(+ (* 1/6 (* (pow a 3) (pow x 3))) (* 1/2 (* (pow a 2) (pow x 2))))
212.0ms
(+ (* 1/6 (* (pow a 3) (pow x 3))) (* 1/2 (* (pow a 2) (pow x 2))))

prune383.0ms

Pruning

5 alts after pruning (4 fresh and 1 done)

Merged error: 0.1b

localize8.0ms

Local error

Found 4 expressions with local error:

3.3b
(log (exp (* (* (* a x) (* a x)) (+ (* a (* x 1/6)) 1/2))))
0.3b
(* x 1/6)
0.3b
(* (* a x) (* a x))
0.2b
(* a (* x 1/6))

rewrite8.0ms

Algorithm
rewrite-expression-head
Counts
4 → 49
Calls

4 calls. Slowest were:

3.0ms
(* (* a x) (* a x))
3.0ms
(log (exp (* (* (* a x) (* a x)) (+ (* a (* x 1/6)) 1/2))))
1.0ms
(* a (* x 1/6))

series81.0ms

Counts
4 → 12
Calls

4 calls. Slowest were:

47.0ms
(log (exp (* (* (* a x) (* a x)) (+ (* a (* x 1/6)) 1/2))))
16.0ms
(* (* a x) (* a x))
11.0ms
(* a (* x 1/6))
7.0ms
(* x 1/6)

simplify1.6s

Counts
26 → 61
Calls

26 calls. Slowest were:

425.0ms
(* (* (* (* a x) (* a x)) (* a x)) (* (* (* a x) (* a x)) (* a x)))
206.0ms
(+ (* 1/6 (* (pow a 3) (pow x 3))) (* 1/2 (* (pow a 2) (pow x 2))))
183.0ms
(+ (* 1/2 (* (pow a 2) (pow x 2))) (* 1/6 (* (pow a 3) (pow x 3))))

prune422.0ms

Pruning

5 alts after pruning (3 fresh and 2 done)

Merged error: 0.1b

localize9.0ms

Local error

Found 4 expressions with local error:

5.1b
(- (exp (* a x)) 1)
5.1b
(- (exp (* a x)) 1)
5.1b
(- (exp (* a x)) 1)
0.1b
(cbrt (- (exp (* a x)) 1))

rewrite18.0ms

Algorithm
rewrite-expression-head
Counts
4 → 50
Calls

4 calls. Slowest were:

6.0ms
(- (exp (* a x)) 1)
4.0ms
(- (exp (* a x)) 1)
4.0ms
(- (exp (* a x)) 1)

series201.0ms

Counts
4 → 12
Calls

4 calls. Slowest were:

120.0ms
(cbrt (- (exp (* a x)) 1))
33.0ms
(- (exp (* a x)) 1)
24.0ms
(- (exp (* a x)) 1)
24.0ms
(- (exp (* a x)) 1)

simplify1.3s

Counts
21 → 62
Calls

21 calls. Slowest were:

325.0ms
(+ (* 1/2 (* (pow a 2) (pow x 2))) (+ (* a x) (* 1/6 (* (pow a 3) (pow x 3)))))
320.0ms
(+ (* 1/2 (* (pow a 2) (pow x 2))) (+ (* a x) (* 1/6 (* (pow a 3) (pow x 3)))))
269.0ms
(+ (* 1/2 (* (pow a 2) (pow x 2))) (+ (* a x) (* 1/6 (* (pow a 3) (pow x 3)))))

prune659.0ms

Pruning

6 alts after pruning (4 fresh and 2 done)

Merged error: 0.1b

regimes480.0ms

Accuracy

98.7% (0.3b remaining)

Error of 0.3b against oracle of 0.1b and baseline of 20.5b

bsearch8.0ms

end0.0ms

sample2.8s

Algorithm
intervals