Average Error: 32.7 → 12.9
Time: 16.8s
Precision: 64
Internal Precision: 128
\[\frac{\left(-b\right) + \sqrt{b \cdot b - \left(4 \cdot a\right) \cdot c}}{2 \cdot a}\]
\[\begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;b \le -1.02993411605426 \cdot 10^{-308}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{\sqrt{(\left(a \cdot -4\right) \cdot c + \left(b \cdot b\right))_*}}{2 \cdot a} - \frac{b}{2 \cdot a}\\ \mathbf{elif}\;b \le 4.873574385931286 \cdot 10^{+105}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{c \cdot -2}{b + \sqrt{(\left(a \cdot -4\right) \cdot c + \left(b \cdot b\right))_*}}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;-2 \cdot \frac{c}{b + b}\\ \end{array}\]

Error

Bits error versus a

Bits error versus b

Bits error versus c

Target

Original32.7
Target20.4
Herbie12.9
\[\begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;b \lt 0:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{\left(-b\right) + \sqrt{b \cdot b - \left(4 \cdot a\right) \cdot c}}{2 \cdot a}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{c}{a \cdot \frac{\left(-b\right) - \sqrt{b \cdot b - \left(4 \cdot a\right) \cdot c}}{2 \cdot a}}\\ \end{array}\]

Derivation

  1. Split input into 3 regimes
  2. if b < -1.02993411605426e-308

    1. Initial program 20.8

      \[\frac{\left(-b\right) + \sqrt{b \cdot b - \left(4 \cdot a\right) \cdot c}}{2 \cdot a}\]
    2. Simplified20.8

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{(\left(a \cdot -4\right) \cdot c + \left(b \cdot b\right))_*} - b}{2 \cdot a}}\]
    3. Using strategy rm
    4. Applied div-sub20.8

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{(\left(a \cdot -4\right) \cdot c + \left(b \cdot b\right))_*}}{2 \cdot a} - \frac{b}{2 \cdot a}}\]

    if -1.02993411605426e-308 < b < 4.873574385931286e+105

    1. Initial program 31.6

      \[\frac{\left(-b\right) + \sqrt{b \cdot b - \left(4 \cdot a\right) \cdot c}}{2 \cdot a}\]
    2. Simplified31.6

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{(\left(a \cdot -4\right) \cdot c + \left(b \cdot b\right))_*} - b}{2 \cdot a}}\]
    3. Using strategy rm
    4. Applied flip--31.7

      \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{(\left(a \cdot -4\right) \cdot c + \left(b \cdot b\right))_*} \cdot \sqrt{(\left(a \cdot -4\right) \cdot c + \left(b \cdot b\right))_*} - b \cdot b}{\sqrt{(\left(a \cdot -4\right) \cdot c + \left(b \cdot b\right))_*} + b}}}{2 \cdot a}\]
    5. Applied associate-/l/35.7

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{(\left(a \cdot -4\right) \cdot c + \left(b \cdot b\right))_*} \cdot \sqrt{(\left(a \cdot -4\right) \cdot c + \left(b \cdot b\right))_*} - b \cdot b}{\left(2 \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(\sqrt{(\left(a \cdot -4\right) \cdot c + \left(b \cdot b\right))_*} + b\right)}}\]
    6. Simplified19.3

      \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\left(a \cdot -4\right) \cdot c}}{\left(2 \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(\sqrt{(\left(a \cdot -4\right) \cdot c + \left(b \cdot b\right))_*} + b\right)}\]
    7. Using strategy rm
    8. Applied times-frac8.7

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{a \cdot -4}{2 \cdot a} \cdot \frac{c}{\sqrt{(\left(a \cdot -4\right) \cdot c + \left(b \cdot b\right))_*} + b}}\]
    9. Simplified8.7

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-2} \cdot \frac{c}{\sqrt{(\left(a \cdot -4\right) \cdot c + \left(b \cdot b\right))_*} + b}\]
    10. Using strategy rm
    11. Applied associate-*r/8.7

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{-2 \cdot c}{\sqrt{(\left(a \cdot -4\right) \cdot c + \left(b \cdot b\right))_*} + b}}\]

    if 4.873574385931286e+105 < b

    1. Initial program 58.9

      \[\frac{\left(-b\right) + \sqrt{b \cdot b - \left(4 \cdot a\right) \cdot c}}{2 \cdot a}\]
    2. Simplified58.9

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{(\left(a \cdot -4\right) \cdot c + \left(b \cdot b\right))_*} - b}{2 \cdot a}}\]
    3. Using strategy rm
    4. Applied flip--58.9

      \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{(\left(a \cdot -4\right) \cdot c + \left(b \cdot b\right))_*} \cdot \sqrt{(\left(a \cdot -4\right) \cdot c + \left(b \cdot b\right))_*} - b \cdot b}{\sqrt{(\left(a \cdot -4\right) \cdot c + \left(b \cdot b\right))_*} + b}}}{2 \cdot a}\]
    5. Applied associate-/l/59.1

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{(\left(a \cdot -4\right) \cdot c + \left(b \cdot b\right))_*} \cdot \sqrt{(\left(a \cdot -4\right) \cdot c + \left(b \cdot b\right))_*} - b \cdot b}{\left(2 \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(\sqrt{(\left(a \cdot -4\right) \cdot c + \left(b \cdot b\right))_*} + b\right)}}\]
    6. Simplified32.1

      \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\left(a \cdot -4\right) \cdot c}}{\left(2 \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(\sqrt{(\left(a \cdot -4\right) \cdot c + \left(b \cdot b\right))_*} + b\right)}\]
    7. Using strategy rm
    8. Applied times-frac30.6

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{a \cdot -4}{2 \cdot a} \cdot \frac{c}{\sqrt{(\left(a \cdot -4\right) \cdot c + \left(b \cdot b\right))_*} + b}}\]
    9. Simplified30.6

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-2} \cdot \frac{c}{\sqrt{(\left(a \cdot -4\right) \cdot c + \left(b \cdot b\right))_*} + b}\]
    10. Taylor expanded around 0 2.6

      \[\leadsto -2 \cdot \frac{c}{\color{blue}{b} + b}\]
  3. Recombined 3 regimes into one program.
  4. Final simplification12.9

    \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;b \le -1.02993411605426 \cdot 10^{-308}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{\sqrt{(\left(a \cdot -4\right) \cdot c + \left(b \cdot b\right))_*}}{2 \cdot a} - \frac{b}{2 \cdot a}\\ \mathbf{elif}\;b \le 4.873574385931286 \cdot 10^{+105}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{c \cdot -2}{b + \sqrt{(\left(a \cdot -4\right) \cdot c + \left(b \cdot b\right))_*}}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;-2 \cdot \frac{c}{b + b}\\ \end{array}\]

Reproduce

herbie shell --seed 2019002 +o rules:numerics
(FPCore (a b c)
  :name "The quadratic formula (r1)"

  :herbie-target
  (if (< b 0) (/ (+ (- b) (sqrt (- (* b b) (* (* 4 a) c)))) (* 2 a)) (/ c (* a (/ (- (- b) (sqrt (- (* b b) (* (* 4 a) c)))) (* 2 a)))))

  (/ (+ (- b) (sqrt (- (* b b) (* (* 4 a) c)))) (* 2 a)))

Details

Time bar (total: 15.6s)Debug log

sample134.0ms

Algorithm
intervals

simplify77.0ms

Counts
1 → 1
Calls

1 calls. Slowest were:

77.0ms
(/ (+ (- b) (sqrt (- (* b b) (* (* 4 a) c)))) (* 2 a))

prune20.0ms

Pruning

1 alts after pruning (1 fresh and 0 done)

Merged error: 37.0b

localize46.0ms

Local error

Found 3 expressions with local error:

23.6b
(sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b)))
1.3b
(- (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b))) b)
0.1b
(/ (- (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b))) b) (* 2 a))

rewrite27.0ms

Algorithm
rewrite-expression-head
Counts
3 → 57
Calls

3 calls. Slowest were:

14.0ms
(/ (- (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b))) b) (* 2 a))
10.0ms
(- (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b))) b)
2.0ms
(sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b)))

series197.0ms

Counts
3 → 9
Calls

3 calls. Slowest were:

77.0ms
(/ (- (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b))) b) (* 2 a))
73.0ms
(- (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b))) b)
46.0ms
(sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b)))

simplify1.7s

Counts
31 → 66
Calls

31 calls. Slowest were:

1.1s
(- (* (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b))) (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b)))) (* b b))
122.0ms
(/ (* (* (- (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b))) b) (- (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b))) b)) (- (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b))) b)) (* (* (* 2 a) (* 2 a)) (* 2 a)))
107.0ms
(- (pow (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b))) 3) (pow b 3))

prune769.0ms

Pruning

9 alts after pruning (9 fresh and 0 done)

Merged error: 22.1b

localize22.0ms

Local error

Found 4 expressions with local error:

23.6b
(sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b)))
14.2b
(/ (* (* a -4) c) (* (* 2 a) (+ (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b))) b)))
1.7b
(+ (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b))) b)
0.1b
(* (* 2 a) (+ (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b))) b))

rewrite29.0ms

Algorithm
rewrite-expression-head
Counts
4 → 74
Calls

4 calls. Slowest were:

14.0ms
(/ (* (* a -4) c) (* (* 2 a) (+ (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b))) b)))
8.0ms
(* (* 2 a) (+ (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b))) b))
4.0ms
(+ (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b))) b)

series295.0ms

Counts
4 → 12
Calls

4 calls. Slowest were:

120.0ms
(/ (* (* a -4) c) (* (* 2 a) (+ (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b))) b)))
73.0ms
(* (* 2 a) (+ (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b))) b))
56.0ms
(+ (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b))) b)
45.0ms
(sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b)))

simplify3.0s

Counts
41 → 86
Calls

41 calls. Slowest were:

605.0ms
(/ (* (* (* (* a -4) c) (* (* a -4) c)) (* (* a -4) c)) (* (* (* (* 2 a) (+ (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b))) b)) (* (* 2 a) (+ (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b))) b))) (* (* 2 a) (+ (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b))) b))))
588.0ms
(/ (* (* (* (* a -4) c) (* (* a -4) c)) (* (* a -4) c)) (* (* (* (* 2 a) (* 2 a)) (* 2 a)) (* (* (+ (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b))) b) (+ (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b))) b)) (+ (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b))) b))))
549.0ms
(- (log (* (* a -4) c)) (+ (log (* 2 a)) (log (+ (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b))) b))))

prune870.0ms

Pruning

8 alts after pruning (8 fresh and 0 done)

Merged error: 13.3b

localize6.0ms

Local error

Found 4 expressions with local error:

23.6b
(sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b)))
1.7b
(+ (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b))) b)
0.0b
(/ c (+ (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b))) b))
0.0b
(* -2 (/ c (+ (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b))) b)))

rewrite11.0ms

Algorithm
rewrite-expression-head
Counts
4 → 66
Calls

4 calls. Slowest were:

4.0ms
(* -2 (/ c (+ (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b))) b)))
4.0ms
(+ (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b))) b)
2.0ms
(/ c (+ (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b))) b))

series375.0ms

Counts
4 → 12
Calls

4 calls. Slowest were:

154.0ms
(/ c (+ (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b))) b))
127.0ms
(* -2 (/ c (+ (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b))) b)))
48.0ms
(+ (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b))) b)
45.0ms
(sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b)))

simplify688.0ms

Counts
33 → 78
Calls

33 calls. Slowest were:

213.0ms
(+ (* (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b))) (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b)))) (- (* b b) (* (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b))) b)))
194.0ms
(+ (* (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b))) (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b)))) (- (* b b) (* (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b))) b)))
29.0ms
(/ 1 (+ (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b))) b))

prune725.0ms

Pruning

7 alts after pruning (7 fresh and 0 done)

Merged error: 11.4b

localize12.0ms

Local error

Found 4 expressions with local error:

23.6b
(sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b)))
23.6b
(sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b)))
15.3b
(fma (sqrt (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b)))) (sqrt (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b)))) b)
0.1b
(sqrt (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b))))

rewrite3.0ms

Algorithm
rewrite-expression-head
Counts
4 → 56
Calls

4 calls. Slowest were:

1.0ms
(sqrt (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b))))
1.0ms
(sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b)))
1.0ms
(sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b)))

series546.0ms

Counts
4 → 12
Calls

4 calls. Slowest were:

286.0ms
(fma (sqrt (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b)))) (sqrt (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b)))) b)
171.0ms
(sqrt (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b))))
47.0ms
(sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b)))
42.0ms
(sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b)))

simplify871.0ms

Counts
28 → 68
Calls

28 calls. Slowest were:

336.0ms
(+ (pow (exp (* 1/4 (- (log -4) (+ (log (/ 1 a)) (log (/ 1 c)))))) 2) b)
145.0ms
(exp (* 1/4 (- (log -4) (+ (log (/ 1 a)) (log (/ 1 c))))))
99.0ms
(exp (* 1/4 (- (log -4) (+ (log (/ -1 c)) (log (/ -1 a))))))

prune666.0ms

Pruning

7 alts after pruning (6 fresh and 1 done)

Merged error: 11.4b

regimes249.0ms

Accuracy

96.7% (0.6b remaining)

Error of 12.9b against oracle of 12.3b and baseline of 29.3b

bsearch353.0ms

end0.0ms

sample3.9s

Algorithm
intervals