Average Error: 14.6 → 0.0
Time: 10.9s
Precision: 64
Internal Precision: 128
\[\frac{x}{x \cdot x + 1}\]
\[\begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \le -9674.58340102956 \lor \neg \left(x \le 603.7294633772253\right):\\ \;\;\;\;\left(\frac{1}{x} + \frac{1}{{x}^{5}}\right) - \frac{1}{{x}^{3}}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{x}{(x \cdot x + 1)_*}\\ \end{array}\]

Error

Bits error versus x

Target

Original14.6
Target0.1
Herbie0.0
\[\frac{1}{x + \frac{1}{x}}\]

Derivation

  1. Split input into 2 regimes
  2. if x < -9674.58340102956 or 603.7294633772253 < x

    1. Initial program 29.7

      \[\frac{x}{x \cdot x + 1}\]
    2. Simplified29.7

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{x}{(x \cdot x + 1)_*}}\]
    3. Taylor expanded around -inf 0.0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{{x}^{5}} + \frac{1}{x}\right) - \frac{1}{{x}^{3}}}\]

    if -9674.58340102956 < x < 603.7294633772253

    1. Initial program 0.0

      \[\frac{x}{x \cdot x + 1}\]
    2. Simplified0.0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{x}{(x \cdot x + 1)_*}}\]
  3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
  4. Final simplification0.0

    \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \le -9674.58340102956 \lor \neg \left(x \le 603.7294633772253\right):\\ \;\;\;\;\left(\frac{1}{x} + \frac{1}{{x}^{5}}\right) - \frac{1}{{x}^{3}}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{x}{(x \cdot x + 1)_*}\\ \end{array}\]

Reproduce

herbie shell --seed 2019002 +o rules:numerics
(FPCore (x)
  :name "x / (x^2 + 1)"

  :herbie-target
  (/ 1 (+ x (/ 1 x)))

  (/ x (+ (* x x) 1)))

Details

Time bar (total: 10.5s)Debug log

sample17.0ms

Algorithm
intervals

simplify2.0ms

Counts
1 → 1
Calls

1 calls. Slowest were:

2.0ms
(/ x (+ (* x x) 1))

prune6.0ms

Pruning

1 alts after pruning (1 fresh and 0 done)

Merged error: 13.5b

localize7.0ms

Local error

Found 1 expressions with local error:

13.5b
(/ x (fma x x 1))

rewrite1.0ms

Algorithm
rewrite-expression-head
Counts
1 → 15
Calls

1 calls. Slowest were:

1.0ms
(/ x (fma x x 1))

series22.0ms

Counts
1 → 3
Calls

1 calls. Slowest were:

22.0ms
(/ x (fma x x 1))

simplify167.0ms

Counts
6 → 18
Calls

6 calls. Slowest were:

60.0ms
(- (+ (/ 1 (pow x 5)) (/ 1 x)) (/ 1 (pow x 3)))
55.0ms
(- (+ (/ 1 (pow x 5)) (/ 1 x)) (/ 1 (pow x 3)))
47.0ms
(- (+ x (pow x 5)) (pow x 3))

prune124.0ms

Pruning

2 alts after pruning (1 fresh and 1 done)

Merged error: 0b

localize38.0ms

Local error

Found 4 expressions with local error:

21.2b
(- (+ (/ 1 (pow x 5)) (/ 1 x)) (/ 1 (pow x 3)))
0.5b
(/ 1 (pow x 3))
0.0b
(/ 1 (pow x 5))
0.0b
(+ (/ 1 (pow x 5)) (/ 1 x))

rewrite50.0ms

Algorithm
rewrite-expression-head
Counts
4 → 127
Calls

4 calls. Slowest were:

34.0ms
(- (+ (/ 1 (pow x 5)) (/ 1 x)) (/ 1 (pow x 3)))
9.0ms
(+ (/ 1 (pow x 5)) (/ 1 x))
1.0ms
(/ 1 (pow x 3))

series104.0ms

Counts
4 → 12
Calls

4 calls. Slowest were:

31.0ms
(+ (/ 1 (pow x 5)) (/ 1 x))
27.0ms
(/ 1 (pow x 5))
26.0ms
(- (+ (/ 1 (pow x 5)) (/ 1 x)) (/ 1 (pow x 3)))
20.0ms
(/ 1 (pow x 3))

simplify7.9s

Counts
109 → 139
Calls

109 calls. Slowest were:

455.0ms
(* (- (/ 1 (pow x 5)) (/ 1 x)) (pow x 3))
412.0ms
(- (* (+ (pow (/ 1 (pow x 5)) 3) (pow (/ 1 x) 3)) (pow x 3)) (* (+ (* (/ 1 (pow x 5)) (/ 1 (pow x 5))) (- (* (/ 1 x) (/ 1 x)) (* (/ 1 (pow x 5)) (/ 1 x)))) 1))
294.0ms
(- (* (- (* (/ 1 (pow x 5)) (/ 1 (pow x 5))) (* (/ 1 x) (/ 1 x))) (pow x 3)) (* (- (/ 1 (pow x 5)) (/ 1 x)) 1))

prune1.1s

Pruning

2 alts after pruning (0 fresh and 2 done)

Merged error: 0b

regimes25.0ms

Accuracy

100% (0.0b remaining)

Error of 0.0b against oracle of 0.0b and baseline of 14.6b

bsearch110.0ms

end0.0ms

sample739.0ms

Algorithm
intervals