Average Error: 32.7 → 12.9
Time: 18.7s
Precision: 64
Internal Precision: 128
\[\frac{\left(-b\right) + \sqrt{b \cdot b - \left(4 \cdot a\right) \cdot c}}{2 \cdot a}\]
\[\begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;b \le -1.02993411605426 \cdot 10^{-308}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{\sqrt{(\left(a \cdot -4\right) \cdot c + \left(b \cdot b\right))_*}}{2 \cdot a} - \frac{b}{2 \cdot a}\\ \mathbf{elif}\;b \le 4.873574385931286 \cdot 10^{+105}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{c \cdot -2}{b + \sqrt{(\left(a \cdot -4\right) \cdot c + \left(b \cdot b\right))_*}}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;-2 \cdot \frac{c}{b + b}\\ \end{array}\]

Error

Bits error versus a

Bits error versus b

Bits error versus c

Derivation

  1. Split input into 3 regimes
  2. if b < -1.02993411605426e-308

    1. Initial program 20.8

      \[\frac{\left(-b\right) + \sqrt{b \cdot b - \left(4 \cdot a\right) \cdot c}}{2 \cdot a}\]
    2. Simplified20.8

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{(\left(a \cdot -4\right) \cdot c + \left(b \cdot b\right))_*} - b}{2 \cdot a}}\]
    3. Using strategy rm
    4. Applied div-sub20.8

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{(\left(a \cdot -4\right) \cdot c + \left(b \cdot b\right))_*}}{2 \cdot a} - \frac{b}{2 \cdot a}}\]

    if -1.02993411605426e-308 < b < 4.873574385931286e+105

    1. Initial program 31.6

      \[\frac{\left(-b\right) + \sqrt{b \cdot b - \left(4 \cdot a\right) \cdot c}}{2 \cdot a}\]
    2. Simplified31.6

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{(\left(a \cdot -4\right) \cdot c + \left(b \cdot b\right))_*} - b}{2 \cdot a}}\]
    3. Using strategy rm
    4. Applied flip--31.7

      \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{(\left(a \cdot -4\right) \cdot c + \left(b \cdot b\right))_*} \cdot \sqrt{(\left(a \cdot -4\right) \cdot c + \left(b \cdot b\right))_*} - b \cdot b}{\sqrt{(\left(a \cdot -4\right) \cdot c + \left(b \cdot b\right))_*} + b}}}{2 \cdot a}\]
    5. Applied associate-/l/35.7

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{(\left(a \cdot -4\right) \cdot c + \left(b \cdot b\right))_*} \cdot \sqrt{(\left(a \cdot -4\right) \cdot c + \left(b \cdot b\right))_*} - b \cdot b}{\left(2 \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(\sqrt{(\left(a \cdot -4\right) \cdot c + \left(b \cdot b\right))_*} + b\right)}}\]
    6. Simplified19.3

      \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\left(a \cdot -4\right) \cdot c}}{\left(2 \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(\sqrt{(\left(a \cdot -4\right) \cdot c + \left(b \cdot b\right))_*} + b\right)}\]
    7. Using strategy rm
    8. Applied times-frac8.7

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{a \cdot -4}{2 \cdot a} \cdot \frac{c}{\sqrt{(\left(a \cdot -4\right) \cdot c + \left(b \cdot b\right))_*} + b}}\]
    9. Simplified8.7

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-2} \cdot \frac{c}{\sqrt{(\left(a \cdot -4\right) \cdot c + \left(b \cdot b\right))_*} + b}\]
    10. Using strategy rm
    11. Applied associate-*r/8.7

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{-2 \cdot c}{\sqrt{(\left(a \cdot -4\right) \cdot c + \left(b \cdot b\right))_*} + b}}\]

    if 4.873574385931286e+105 < b

    1. Initial program 58.9

      \[\frac{\left(-b\right) + \sqrt{b \cdot b - \left(4 \cdot a\right) \cdot c}}{2 \cdot a}\]
    2. Simplified58.9

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{(\left(a \cdot -4\right) \cdot c + \left(b \cdot b\right))_*} - b}{2 \cdot a}}\]
    3. Using strategy rm
    4. Applied flip--58.9

      \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{(\left(a \cdot -4\right) \cdot c + \left(b \cdot b\right))_*} \cdot \sqrt{(\left(a \cdot -4\right) \cdot c + \left(b \cdot b\right))_*} - b \cdot b}{\sqrt{(\left(a \cdot -4\right) \cdot c + \left(b \cdot b\right))_*} + b}}}{2 \cdot a}\]
    5. Applied associate-/l/59.1

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{(\left(a \cdot -4\right) \cdot c + \left(b \cdot b\right))_*} \cdot \sqrt{(\left(a \cdot -4\right) \cdot c + \left(b \cdot b\right))_*} - b \cdot b}{\left(2 \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(\sqrt{(\left(a \cdot -4\right) \cdot c + \left(b \cdot b\right))_*} + b\right)}}\]
    6. Simplified32.1

      \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\left(a \cdot -4\right) \cdot c}}{\left(2 \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(\sqrt{(\left(a \cdot -4\right) \cdot c + \left(b \cdot b\right))_*} + b\right)}\]
    7. Using strategy rm
    8. Applied times-frac30.6

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{a \cdot -4}{2 \cdot a} \cdot \frac{c}{\sqrt{(\left(a \cdot -4\right) \cdot c + \left(b \cdot b\right))_*} + b}}\]
    9. Simplified30.6

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-2} \cdot \frac{c}{\sqrt{(\left(a \cdot -4\right) \cdot c + \left(b \cdot b\right))_*} + b}\]
    10. Taylor expanded around 0 2.6

      \[\leadsto -2 \cdot \frac{c}{\color{blue}{b} + b}\]
  3. Recombined 3 regimes into one program.
  4. Final simplification12.9

    \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;b \le -1.02993411605426 \cdot 10^{-308}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{\sqrt{(\left(a \cdot -4\right) \cdot c + \left(b \cdot b\right))_*}}{2 \cdot a} - \frac{b}{2 \cdot a}\\ \mathbf{elif}\;b \le 4.873574385931286 \cdot 10^{+105}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{c \cdot -2}{b + \sqrt{(\left(a \cdot -4\right) \cdot c + \left(b \cdot b\right))_*}}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;-2 \cdot \frac{c}{b + b}\\ \end{array}\]

Reproduce

herbie shell --seed 2019002 +o rules:numerics
(FPCore (a b c)
  :name "Quadratic roots, full range"
  (/ (+ (- b) (sqrt (- (* b b) (* (* 4 a) c)))) (* 2 a)))

Details

Time bar (total: 17.7s)Debug log

sample177.0ms

Algorithm
intervals

simplify68.0ms

Counts
1 → 1
Calls

1 calls. Slowest were:

68.0ms
(/ (+ (- b) (sqrt (- (* b b) (* (* 4 a) c)))) (* 2 a))

prune10.0ms

Pruning

1 alts after pruning (1 fresh and 0 done)

Merged error: 37.0b

localize22.0ms

Local error

Found 3 expressions with local error:

23.6b
(sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b)))
1.3b
(- (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b))) b)
0.1b
(/ (- (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b))) b) (* 2 a))

rewrite17.0ms

Algorithm
rewrite-expression-head
Counts
3 → 57
Calls

3 calls. Slowest were:

10.0ms
(/ (- (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b))) b) (* 2 a))
5.0ms
(- (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b))) b)
1.0ms
(sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b)))

series204.0ms

Counts
3 → 9
Calls

3 calls. Slowest were:

86.0ms
(/ (- (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b))) b) (* 2 a))
68.0ms
(sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b)))
50.0ms
(- (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b))) b)

simplify1.3s

Counts
31 → 66
Calls

31 calls. Slowest were:

716.0ms
(- (* (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b))) (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b)))) (* b b))
117.0ms
(- (pow (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b))) 3) (pow b 3))
86.0ms
(/ (* (* (- (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b))) b) (- (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b))) b)) (- (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b))) b)) (* (* (* 2 a) (* 2 a)) (* 2 a)))

prune795.0ms

Pruning

9 alts after pruning (9 fresh and 0 done)

Merged error: 22.1b

localize24.0ms

Local error

Found 4 expressions with local error:

23.6b
(sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b)))
14.2b
(/ (* (* a -4) c) (* (* 2 a) (+ (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b))) b)))
1.7b
(+ (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b))) b)
0.1b
(* (* 2 a) (+ (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b))) b))

rewrite47.0ms

Algorithm
rewrite-expression-head
Counts
4 → 74
Calls

4 calls. Slowest were:

19.0ms
(/ (* (* a -4) c) (* (* 2 a) (+ (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b))) b)))
17.0ms
(* (* 2 a) (+ (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b))) b))
8.0ms
(+ (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b))) b)

series376.0ms

Counts
4 → 12
Calls

4 calls. Slowest were:

121.0ms
(* (* 2 a) (+ (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b))) b))
116.0ms
(/ (* (* a -4) c) (* (* 2 a) (+ (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b))) b)))
82.0ms
(+ (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b))) b)
58.0ms
(sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b)))

simplify3.7s

Counts
41 → 86
Calls

41 calls. Slowest were:

751.0ms
(- (log (* (* a -4) c)) (+ (log (* 2 a)) (log (+ (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b))) b))))
713.0ms
(/ (* (* (* (* a -4) c) (* (* a -4) c)) (* (* a -4) c)) (* (* (* (* 2 a) (* 2 a)) (* 2 a)) (* (* (+ (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b))) b) (+ (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b))) b)) (+ (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b))) b))))
710.0ms
(/ (* (* (* (* a -4) c) (* (* a -4) c)) (* (* a -4) c)) (* (* (* (* 2 a) (+ (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b))) b)) (* (* 2 a) (+ (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b))) b))) (* (* 2 a) (+ (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b))) b))))

prune1.5s

Pruning

8 alts after pruning (8 fresh and 0 done)

Merged error: 13.3b

localize12.0ms

Local error

Found 4 expressions with local error:

23.6b
(sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b)))
1.7b
(+ (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b))) b)
0.0b
(/ c (+ (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b))) b))
0.0b
(* -2 (/ c (+ (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b))) b)))

rewrite19.0ms

Algorithm
rewrite-expression-head
Counts
4 → 66
Calls

4 calls. Slowest were:

8.0ms
(+ (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b))) b)
5.0ms
(/ c (+ (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b))) b))
3.0ms
(* -2 (/ c (+ (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b))) b)))

series421.0ms

Counts
4 → 12
Calls

4 calls. Slowest were:

173.0ms
(/ c (+ (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b))) b))
132.0ms
(* -2 (/ c (+ (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b))) b)))
59.0ms
(sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b)))
55.0ms
(+ (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b))) b)

simplify791.0ms

Counts
33 → 78
Calls

33 calls. Slowest were:

249.0ms
(+ (* (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b))) (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b)))) (- (* b b) (* (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b))) b)))
215.0ms
(+ (* (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b))) (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b)))) (- (* b b) (* (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b))) b)))
28.0ms
(- (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b))) b)

prune731.0ms

Pruning

7 alts after pruning (7 fresh and 0 done)

Merged error: 11.4b

localize24.0ms

Local error

Found 4 expressions with local error:

23.6b
(sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b)))
23.6b
(sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b)))
15.3b
(fma (sqrt (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b)))) (sqrt (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b)))) b)
0.1b
(sqrt (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b))))

rewrite4.0ms

Algorithm
rewrite-expression-head
Counts
4 → 56
Calls

4 calls. Slowest were:

1.0ms
(sqrt (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b))))
1.0ms
(sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b)))
1.0ms
(sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b)))

series609.0ms

Counts
4 → 12
Calls

4 calls. Slowest were:

317.0ms
(fma (sqrt (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b)))) (sqrt (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b)))) b)
190.0ms
(sqrt (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b))))
56.0ms
(sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b)))
45.0ms
(sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b)))

simplify1.1s

Counts
28 → 68
Calls

28 calls. Slowest were:

369.0ms
(+ (pow (exp (* 1/4 (- (log -4) (+ (log (/ 1 a)) (log (/ 1 c)))))) 2) b)
198.0ms
(exp (* 1/4 (- (log -4) (+ (log (/ 1 a)) (log (/ 1 c))))))
121.0ms
(+ (pow (exp (* 1/4 (- (log -4) (+ (log (/ -1 c)) (log (/ -1 a)))))) 2) b)

prune1.0s

Pruning

7 alts after pruning (6 fresh and 1 done)

Merged error: 11.4b

regimes275.0ms

Accuracy

96.7% (0.6b remaining)

Error of 12.9b against oracle of 12.3b and baseline of 29.3b

bsearch435.0ms

end0.0ms

sample4.0s

Algorithm
intervals