Average Error: 31.2 → 0.3
Time: 19.0s
Precision: 64
Internal Precision: 128
\[\log \left(x + \sqrt{x \cdot x - 1}\right)\]
↓
\[\log \left((2 \cdot x + \left(\frac{\frac{-1}{2}}{x}\right))_* - \frac{\frac{\frac{1}{8}}{x}}{x \cdot x}\right)\]

Error

Bits error versus x

Derivation

  1. Initial program 31.2

    \[\log \left(x + \sqrt{x \cdot x - 1}\right)\]

  2. Simplified31.2

    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left(x + \sqrt{(x \cdot x + -1)_*}\right)}\]

  3. Taylor expanded around inf 0.3

    \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot x - \left(\frac{1}{8} \cdot \frac{1}{{x}^{3}} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{x}\right)\right)}\]

  4. Simplified0.3

    \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left((2 \cdot x + \left(\frac{\frac{-1}{2}}{x}\right))_* - \frac{\frac{\frac{1}{8}}{x}}{x \cdot x}\right)}\]

  5. Final simplification0.3

    \[\leadsto \log \left((2 \cdot x + \left(\frac{\frac{-1}{2}}{x}\right))_* - \frac{\frac{\frac{1}{8}}{x}}{x \cdot x}\right)\]

Reproduce

herbie shell --seed 2019002 +o rules:numerics
(FPCore (x)
  :name "Hyperbolic arc-cosine"
  (log (+ x (sqrt (- (* x x) 1)))))

Details

Time bar (total: 18.7s)Debug log

sample130.0ms

Algorithm
intervals

simplify103.0ms

Counts
1 → 1
Calls

1 calls. Slowest were:

103.0ms
(log (+ x (sqrt (- (* x x) 1))))

prune8.0ms

Pruning

1 alts after pruning (1 fresh and 0 done)

Merged error: 29.8b

localize11.0ms

Local error

Found 2 expressions with local error:

28.6b
(sqrt (fma x x -1))
0.0b
(+ x (sqrt (fma x x -1)))

rewrite2.0ms

Algorithm
rewrite-expression-head
Counts
2 → 26
Calls

2 calls. Slowest were:

1.0ms
(+ x (sqrt (fma x x -1)))
1.0ms
(sqrt (fma x x -1))

series50.0ms

Counts
2 → 6
Calls

2 calls. Slowest were:

28.0ms
(+ x (sqrt (fma x x -1)))
22.0ms
(sqrt (fma x x -1))

simplify1.1s

Counts
10 → 32
Calls

10 calls. Slowest were:

348.0ms
(- (+ (* 1/2 (/ (pow x 2) (sqrt -1))) (sqrt -1)) (* 1/8 (/ (pow x 4) (pow (sqrt -1) 3))))
237.0ms
(- (* 2 x) (+ (* 1/8 (/ 1 (pow x 3))) (* 1/2 (/ 1 x))))
201.0ms
(- x (+ (* 1/8 (/ 1 (pow x 3))) (* 1/2 (/ 1 x))))

prune236.0ms

Pruning

2 alts after pruning (1 fresh and 1 done)

Merged error: 0.0b

localize27.0ms

Local error

Found 2 expressions with local error:

0.1b
(/ (/ 1/8 x) (* x x))
0.0b
(- (fma 2 x (/ -1/2 x)) (/ (/ 1/8 x) (* x x)))

rewrite9.0ms

Algorithm
rewrite-expression-head
Counts
2 → 69
Calls

2 calls. Slowest were:

5.0ms
(- (fma 2 x (/ -1/2 x)) (/ (/ 1/8 x) (* x x)))
3.0ms
(/ (/ 1/8 x) (* x x))

series34.0ms

Counts
2 → 6
Calls

2 calls. Slowest were:

18.0ms
(- (fma 2 x (/ -1/2 x)) (/ (/ 1/8 x) (* x x)))
16.0ms
(/ (/ 1/8 x) (* x x))

simplify11.5s

Counts
75 → 75
Calls

75 calls. Slowest were:

516.0ms
(/ (* (* (/ 1/8 x) (/ 1/8 x)) (/ 1/8 x)) (* (* (* x x) (* x x)) (* x x)))
437.0ms
(fma (- (/ (/ 1 x) x)) (/ 1/8 x) (* (/ (/ 1 x) x) (/ 1/8 x)))
436.0ms
(fma (- (/ 1 (* x x))) (/ 1/8 x) (* (/ 1 (* x x)) (/ 1/8 x)))

prune663.0ms

Pruning

2 alts after pruning (0 fresh and 2 done)

Merged error: 0.0b

regimes34.0ms

Accuracy

0% (0.2b remaining)

Error of 0.3b against oracle of 0.1b and baseline of 0.3b

bsearch2.0ms

end0.0ms

sample4.8s

Algorithm
intervals