Average Error: 19.8 → 0.4
Time: 19.2s
Precision: 64
Internal Precision: 128
\[\frac{1}{\sqrt{x}} - \frac{1}{\sqrt{x + 1}}\]
\[\frac{1}{\sqrt{x + 1} \cdot \sqrt{x}} \cdot \frac{1}{\sqrt{x} + \sqrt{x + 1}}\]

Error

Bits error versus x

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Your Program's Arguments

Results

Enter valid numbers for all inputs

Target

Original19.8
Target0.6
Herbie0.4
\[\frac{1}{\left(x + 1\right) \cdot \sqrt{x} + x \cdot \sqrt{x + 1}}\]

Derivation

  1. Initial program 19.8

    \[\frac{1}{\sqrt{x}} - \frac{1}{\sqrt{x + 1}}\]
  2. Using strategy rm
  3. Applied frac-sub19.8

    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1 \cdot \sqrt{x + 1} - \sqrt{x} \cdot 1}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x + 1}}}\]
  4. Simplified19.8

    \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\sqrt{x + 1} - \sqrt{x}}}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x + 1}}\]
  5. Using strategy rm
  6. Applied flip--19.6

    \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{x + 1} \cdot \sqrt{x + 1} - \sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x}}{\sqrt{x + 1} + \sqrt{x}}}}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x + 1}}\]
  7. Applied associate-/l/19.6

    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{x + 1} \cdot \sqrt{x + 1} - \sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x}}{\left(\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x + 1}\right) \cdot \left(\sqrt{x + 1} + \sqrt{x}\right)}}\]
  8. Simplified0.7

    \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{1}}{\left(\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x + 1}\right) \cdot \left(\sqrt{x + 1} + \sqrt{x}\right)}\]
  9. Using strategy rm
  10. Applied associate-/r*0.4

    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\frac{1}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x + 1}}}{\sqrt{x + 1} + \sqrt{x}}}\]
  11. Using strategy rm
  12. Applied div-inv0.4

    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x + 1}} \cdot \frac{1}{\sqrt{x + 1} + \sqrt{x}}}\]
  13. Final simplification0.4

    \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\sqrt{x + 1} \cdot \sqrt{x}} \cdot \frac{1}{\sqrt{x} + \sqrt{x + 1}}\]

Reproduce

herbie shell --seed 2019002 +o rules:numerics
(FPCore (x)
  :name "2isqrt (example 3.6)"

  :herbie-target
  (/ 1 (+ (* (+ x 1) (sqrt x)) (* x (sqrt (+ x 1)))))

  (- (/ 1 (sqrt x)) (/ 1 (sqrt (+ x 1)))))

Details

Time bar (total: 18.5s)Debug log

sample116.0ms

Algorithm
intervals

simplify7.0ms

Counts
1 → 1
Calls

1 calls. Slowest were:

6.0ms
(- (/ 1 (sqrt x)) (/ 1 (sqrt (+ x 1))))

prune5.0ms

Pruning

1 alts after pruning (1 fresh and 0 done)

Merged error: 21.3b

localize26.0ms

Local error

Found 3 expressions with local error:

3.3b
(- (/ 1 (sqrt x)) (/ 1 (sqrt (+ x 1))))
0.2b
(/ 1 (sqrt x))
0.1b
(/ 1 (sqrt (+ x 1)))

rewrite20.0ms

Algorithm
rewrite-expression-head
Counts
3 → 91
Calls

3 calls. Slowest were:

14.0ms
(- (/ 1 (sqrt x)) (/ 1 (sqrt (+ x 1))))
3.0ms
(/ 1 (sqrt (+ x 1)))
2.0ms
(/ 1 (sqrt x))

series81.0ms

Counts
3 → 9
Calls

3 calls. Slowest were:

42.0ms
(- (/ 1 (sqrt x)) (/ 1 (sqrt (+ x 1))))
26.0ms
(/ 1 (sqrt x))
12.0ms
(/ 1 (sqrt (+ x 1)))

simplify3.7s

Counts
83 → 100
Calls

83 calls. Slowest were:

212.0ms
(fma (- (sqrt (+ (* x x) (- (* 1 1) (* x 1))))) (/ 1 (sqrt (+ (pow x 3) (pow 1 3)))) (* (sqrt (+ (* x x) (- (* 1 1) (* x 1)))) (/ 1 (sqrt (+ (pow x 3) (pow 1 3))))))
203.0ms
(fma (- (sqrt (- x 1))) (/ 1 (sqrt (- (* x x) (* 1 1)))) (* (sqrt (- x 1)) (/ 1 (sqrt (- (* x x) (* 1 1))))))
182.0ms
(fma (- (sqrt (- x 1))) (/ 1 (sqrt (- (* x x) (* 1 1)))) (* (sqrt (- x 1)) (/ 1 (sqrt (- (* x x) (* 1 1))))))

prune934.0ms

Pruning

10 alts after pruning (10 fresh and 0 done)

Merged error: 20.7b

localize16.0ms

Local error

Found 3 expressions with local error:

3.3b
(- (sqrt (+ x 1)) (sqrt x))
0.3b
(* (sqrt x) (sqrt (+ x 1)))
0.1b
(/ (- (sqrt (+ x 1)) (sqrt x)) (* (sqrt x) (sqrt (+ x 1))))

rewrite60.0ms

Algorithm
rewrite-expression-head
Counts
3 → 101
Calls

3 calls. Slowest were:

36.0ms
(/ (- (sqrt (+ x 1)) (sqrt x)) (* (sqrt x) (sqrt (+ x 1))))
13.0ms
(- (sqrt (+ x 1)) (sqrt x))
9.0ms
(* (sqrt x) (sqrt (+ x 1)))

series165.0ms

Counts
3 → 9
Calls

3 calls. Slowest were:

93.0ms
(/ (- (sqrt (+ x 1)) (sqrt x)) (* (sqrt x) (sqrt (+ x 1))))
37.0ms
(- (sqrt (+ x 1)) (sqrt x))
35.0ms
(* (sqrt x) (sqrt (+ x 1)))

simplify2.1s

Counts
97 → 110
Calls

97 calls. Slowest were:

604.0ms
(* (* (* (sqrt x) (sqrt x)) (sqrt x)) (* (* (sqrt (+ x 1)) (sqrt (+ x 1))) (sqrt (+ x 1))))
105.0ms
(/ (* (* (- (sqrt (+ x 1)) (sqrt x)) (- (sqrt (+ x 1)) (sqrt x))) (- (sqrt (+ x 1)) (sqrt x))) (* (* (* (sqrt x) (sqrt x)) (sqrt x)) (* (* (sqrt (+ x 1)) (sqrt (+ x 1))) (sqrt (+ x 1)))))
103.0ms
(/ (* (* (- (sqrt (+ x 1)) (sqrt x)) (- (sqrt (+ x 1)) (sqrt x))) (- (sqrt (+ x 1)) (sqrt x))) (* (* (* (sqrt x) (sqrt (+ x 1))) (* (sqrt x) (sqrt (+ x 1)))) (* (sqrt x) (sqrt (+ x 1)))))

prune971.0ms

Pruning

2 alts after pruning (2 fresh and 0 done)

Merged error: 0.7b

localize8.0ms

Local error

Found 4 expressions with local error:

0.6b
(/ 1 (* (* (sqrt x) (sqrt (+ x 1))) (+ (sqrt (+ x 1)) (sqrt x))))
0.3b
(* (sqrt x) (sqrt (+ x 1)))
0.1b
(* (* (sqrt x) (sqrt (+ x 1))) (+ (sqrt (+ x 1)) (sqrt x)))
0.0b
(+ (sqrt (+ x 1)) (sqrt x))

rewrite47.0ms

Algorithm
rewrite-expression-head
Counts
4 → 105
Calls

4 calls. Slowest were:

19.0ms
(/ 1 (* (* (sqrt x) (sqrt (+ x 1))) (+ (sqrt (+ x 1)) (sqrt x))))
18.0ms
(* (* (sqrt x) (sqrt (+ x 1))) (+ (sqrt (+ x 1)) (sqrt x)))
5.0ms
(+ (sqrt (+ x 1)) (sqrt x))

series201.0ms

Counts
4 → 12
Calls

4 calls. Slowest were:

77.0ms
(/ 1 (* (* (sqrt x) (sqrt (+ x 1))) (+ (sqrt (+ x 1)) (sqrt x))))
64.0ms
(* (* (sqrt x) (sqrt (+ x 1))) (+ (sqrt (+ x 1)) (sqrt x)))
30.0ms
(+ (sqrt (+ x 1)) (sqrt x))
29.0ms
(* (sqrt x) (sqrt (+ x 1)))

simplify3.4s

Counts
71 → 117
Calls

71 calls. Slowest were:

508.0ms
(* (* (* (sqrt x) (sqrt x)) (sqrt x)) (* (* (sqrt (+ x 1)) (sqrt (+ x 1))) (sqrt (+ x 1))))
224.0ms
(* (* (sqrt x) (sqrt (- (* x x) (* 1 1)))) (+ (pow (sqrt (+ x 1)) 3) (pow (sqrt x) 3)))
206.0ms
(* (* (sqrt x) (sqrt (- (* x x) (* 1 1)))) (- (* (sqrt (+ x 1)) (sqrt (+ x 1))) (* (sqrt x) (sqrt x))))

prune912.0ms

Pruning

10 alts after pruning (10 fresh and 0 done)

Merged error: 0.0b

localize8.0ms

Local error

Found 4 expressions with local error:

0.3b
(* (sqrt x) (sqrt (+ x 1)))
0.1b
(/ (/ 1 (* (sqrt x) (sqrt (+ x 1)))) (+ (sqrt (+ x 1)) (sqrt x)))
0.1b
(/ 1 (* (sqrt x) (sqrt (+ x 1))))
0.0b
(+ (sqrt (+ x 1)) (sqrt x))

rewrite32.0ms

Algorithm
rewrite-expression-head
Counts
4 → 120
Calls

4 calls. Slowest were:

13.0ms
(/ (/ 1 (* (sqrt x) (sqrt (+ x 1)))) (+ (sqrt (+ x 1)) (sqrt x)))
8.0ms
(+ (sqrt (+ x 1)) (sqrt x))
4.0ms
(* (sqrt x) (sqrt (+ x 1)))

series172.0ms

Counts
4 → 12
Calls

4 calls. Slowest were:

90.0ms
(/ (/ 1 (* (sqrt x) (sqrt (+ x 1)))) (+ (sqrt (+ x 1)) (sqrt x)))
37.0ms
(* (sqrt x) (sqrt (+ x 1)))
24.0ms
(/ 1 (* (sqrt x) (sqrt (+ x 1))))
20.0ms
(+ (sqrt (+ x 1)) (sqrt x))

simplify2.3s

Counts
102 → 132
Calls

102 calls. Slowest were:

512.0ms
(* (* (* (sqrt x) (sqrt x)) (sqrt x)) (* (* (sqrt (+ x 1)) (sqrt (+ x 1))) (sqrt (+ x 1))))
157.0ms
(- (+ (* 3/8 (/ 1 (pow x 3))) (/ 1 x)) (* 1/2 (/ 1 (pow x 2))))
107.0ms
(- (log (/ 1 (* (sqrt x) (sqrt (+ x 1))))) (log (+ (sqrt (+ x 1)) (sqrt x))))

prune817.0ms

Pruning

10 alts after pruning (10 fresh and 0 done)

Merged error: 0b

regimes49.0ms

Accuracy

0% (0.4b remaining)

Error of 0.4b against oracle of 0.0b and baseline of 0.4b

bsearch1.0ms

end0.0ms

sample2.4s

Algorithm
intervals