Average Error: 60.0 → 0.3
Time: 34.3s
Precision: 64
Internal Precision: 128
\[\frac{1}{x} - \frac{1}{\tan x}\]
↓
\[(\left((\frac{1}{45} \cdot \left(x \cdot x\right) + \frac{1}{3})_*\right) \cdot x + \left(\frac{2}{945} \cdot {x}^{5}\right))_*\]

Error

Bits error versus x

Target

Original60.0
Target0.1
Herbie0.3
\[\begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;\left|x\right| \lt 0.026:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{x}{3} \cdot \left(1 + \frac{x \cdot x}{15}\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{1}{x} - \frac{1}{\tan x}\\ \end{array}\]

Derivation

  1. Initial program 60.0

    \[\frac{1}{x} - \frac{1}{\tan x}\]

  2. Taylor expanded around 0 0.3

    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{3} \cdot x + \left(\frac{1}{45} \cdot {x}^{3} + \frac{2}{945} \cdot {x}^{5}\right)}\]

  3. Simplified0.3

    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{(\left((\frac{1}{45} \cdot \left(x \cdot x\right) + \frac{1}{3})_*\right) \cdot x + \left({x}^{5} \cdot \frac{2}{945}\right))_*}\]

  4. Final simplification0.3

    \[\leadsto (\left((\frac{1}{45} \cdot \left(x \cdot x\right) + \frac{1}{3})_*\right) \cdot x + \left(\frac{2}{945} \cdot {x}^{5}\right))_*\]

Reproduce

herbie shell --seed 2019002 +o rules:numerics
(FPCore (x)
  :name "invcot (example 3.9)"
  :pre (and (< -0.026 x) (< x 0.026))

  :herbie-target
  (if (< (fabs x) 0.026) (* (/ x 3) (+ 1 (/ (* x x) 15))) (- (/ 1 x) (/ 1 (tan x))))

  (- (/ 1 x) (/ 1 (tan x))))

Details

Time bar (total: 32.0s)Debug log

sample492.0ms

Algorithm
intervals

simplify5.0ms

Counts
1 → 1
Calls

1 calls. Slowest were:

4.0ms
(- (/ 1 x) (/ 1 (tan x)))

prune4.0ms

Pruning

1 alts after pruning (1 fresh and 0 done)

Merged error: 60.2b

localize10.0ms

Local error

Found 2 expressions with local error:

2.9b
(- (/ 1 x) (/ 1 (tan x)))
0.0b
(/ 1 (tan x))

rewrite7.0ms

Algorithm
rewrite-expression-head
Counts
2 → 63
Calls

2 calls. Slowest were:

5.0ms
(- (/ 1 x) (/ 1 (tan x)))
1.0ms
(/ 1 (tan x))

series116.0ms

Counts
2 → 6
Calls

2 calls. Slowest were:

92.0ms
(- (/ 1 x) (/ 1 (tan x)))
25.0ms
(/ 1 (tan x))

simplify1.9s

Counts
62 → 69
Calls

62 calls. Slowest were:

245.0ms
(- (/ 1 x) (+ (* 1/3 x) (* 1/45 (pow x 3))))
128.0ms
(fma (- (cos x)) (/ 1 (sin x)) (* (cos x) (/ 1 (sin x))))
109.0ms
(fma (- (cos x)) (/ 1 (sin x)) (* (cos x) (/ 1 (sin x))))

prune456.0ms

Pruning

1 alts after pruning (1 fresh and 0 done)

Merged error: 0.3b

localize32.0ms

Local error

Found 3 expressions with local error:

0.3b
(fma (fma 1/45 (* x x) 1/3) x (* (pow x 5) 2/945))
0.1b
(* (pow x 5) 2/945)
0.0b
(fma 1/45 (* x x) 1/3)

rewrite6.0ms

Algorithm
rewrite-expression-head
Counts
3 → 33
Calls

3 calls. Slowest were:

5.0ms
(* (pow x 5) 2/945)
0.0ms
(fma (fma 1/45 (* x x) 1/3) x (* (pow x 5) 2/945))
0.0ms
(fma 1/45 (* x x) 1/3)

series89.0ms

Counts
3 → 9
Calls

3 calls. Slowest were:

34.0ms
(fma 1/45 (* x x) 1/3)
28.0ms
(* (pow x 5) 2/945)
27.0ms
(fma (fma 1/45 (* x x) 1/3) x (* (pow x 5) 2/945))

simplify240.0ms

Counts
11 → 42
Calls

11 calls. Slowest were:

82.0ms
(+ (* 1/3 x) (+ (* 1/45 (pow x 3)) (* 2/945 (pow x 5))))
71.0ms
(+ (* 1/3 x) (+ (* 1/45 (pow x 3)) (* 2/945 (pow x 5))))
55.0ms
(+ (* 1/3 x) (+ (* 1/45 (pow x 3)) (* 2/945 (pow x 5))))

prune426.0ms

Pruning

4 alts after pruning (3 fresh and 1 done)

Merged error: 0.3b

localize23.0ms

Local error

Found 4 expressions with local error:

0.6b
(cbrt (fma (fma 1/45 (* x x) 1/3) x (* (pow x 5) 2/945)))
0.6b
(cbrt (fma (fma 1/45 (* x x) 1/3) x (* (pow x 5) 2/945)))
0.6b
(cbrt (fma (fma 1/45 (* x x) 1/3) x (* (pow x 5) 2/945)))
0.5b
(* (cbrt (fma (fma 1/45 (* x x) 1/3) x (* (pow x 5) 2/945))) (cbrt (fma (fma 1/45 (* x x) 1/3) x (* (pow x 5) 2/945))))

rewrite14.0ms

Algorithm
rewrite-expression-head
Counts
4 → 69
Calls

4 calls. Slowest were:

10.0ms
(* (cbrt (fma (fma 1/45 (* x x) 1/3) x (* (pow x 5) 2/945))) (cbrt (fma (fma 1/45 (* x x) 1/3) x (* (pow x 5) 2/945))))
1.0ms
(cbrt (fma (fma 1/45 (* x x) 1/3) x (* (pow x 5) 2/945)))
1.0ms
(cbrt (fma (fma 1/45 (* x x) 1/3) x (* (pow x 5) 2/945)))

series580.0ms

Counts
4 → 12
Calls

4 calls. Slowest were:

156.0ms
(cbrt (fma (fma 1/45 (* x x) 1/3) x (* (pow x 5) 2/945)))
145.0ms
(cbrt (fma (fma 1/45 (* x x) 1/3) x (* (pow x 5) 2/945)))
140.0ms
(* (cbrt (fma (fma 1/45 (* x x) 1/3) x (* (pow x 5) 2/945))) (cbrt (fma (fma 1/45 (* x x) 1/3) x (* (pow x 5) 2/945))))
139.0ms
(cbrt (fma (fma 1/45 (* x x) 1/3) x (* (pow x 5) 2/945)))

simplify4.9s

Counts
41 → 81
Calls

41 calls. Slowest were:

395.0ms
(+ (exp (* 1/3 (+ (log 1/3) (log x)))) (+ (* 23/14175 (* (pow x 4) (exp (* 1/3 (+ (log 1/3) (log x)))))) (* 1/45 (* (pow x 2) (exp (* 1/3 (+ (log 1/3) (log x))))))))
391.0ms
(+ (* 7/2 (/ (exp (* 1/3 (- (log 2/945) (* 5 (log (/ 1 x)))))) (pow x 2))) (+ (exp (* 1/3 (- (log 2/945) (* 5 (log (/ 1 x)))))) (* 161/4 (/ (exp (* 1/3 (- (log 2/945) (* 5 (log (/ 1 x)))))) (pow x 4)))))
360.0ms
(+ (* 7/2 (/ (exp (* 1/3 (- (log 2/945) (* 5 (log (/ 1 x)))))) (pow x 2))) (+ (exp (* 1/3 (- (log 2/945) (* 5 (log (/ 1 x)))))) (* 161/4 (/ (exp (* 1/3 (- (log 2/945) (* 5 (log (/ 1 x)))))) (pow x 4)))))

prune753.0ms

Pruning

12 alts after pruning (10 fresh and 2 done)

Merged error: 0.2b

localize40.0ms

Local error

Found 4 expressions with local error:

0.7b
(cbrt (* (cbrt (fma (fma 1/45 (* x x) 1/3) x (* (pow x 5) 2/945))) (cbrt (fma (fma 1/45 (* x x) 1/3) x (* (pow x 5) 2/945)))))
0.7b
(cbrt (cbrt (fma (fma 1/45 (* x x) 1/3) x (* (pow x 5) 2/945))))
0.6b
(cbrt (fma (fma 1/45 (* x x) 1/3) x (* (pow x 5) 2/945)))
0.6b
(cbrt (fma (fma 1/45 (* x x) 1/3) x (* (pow x 5) 2/945)))

rewrite11.0ms

Algorithm
rewrite-expression-head
Counts
4 → 53
Calls

4 calls. Slowest were:

6.0ms
(cbrt (* (cbrt (fma (fma 1/45 (* x x) 1/3) x (* (pow x 5) 2/945))) (cbrt (fma (fma 1/45 (* x x) 1/3) x (* (pow x 5) 2/945)))))
2.0ms
(cbrt (cbrt (fma (fma 1/45 (* x x) 1/3) x (* (pow x 5) 2/945))))
1.0ms
(cbrt (fma (fma 1/45 (* x x) 1/3) x (* (pow x 5) 2/945)))

series597.0ms

Counts
4 → 12
Calls

4 calls. Slowest were:

167.0ms
(cbrt (* (cbrt (fma (fma 1/45 (* x x) 1/3) x (* (pow x 5) 2/945))) (cbrt (fma (fma 1/45 (* x x) 1/3) x (* (pow x 5) 2/945)))))
156.0ms
(cbrt (fma (fma 1/45 (* x x) 1/3) x (* (pow x 5) 2/945)))
151.0ms
(cbrt (cbrt (fma (fma 1/45 (* x x) 1/3) x (* (pow x 5) 2/945))))
122.0ms
(cbrt (fma (fma 1/45 (* x x) 1/3) x (* (pow x 5) 2/945)))

simplify4.1s

Counts
25 → 65
Calls

25 calls. Slowest were:

492.0ms
(+ (* 917/36 (/ (exp (* 1/9 (- (log 4/893025) (* 10 (log (/ 1 x)))))) (pow x 4))) (+ (exp (* 1/9 (- (log 4/893025) (* 10 (log (/ 1 x)))))) (* 7/3 (/ (exp (* 1/9 (- (log 4/893025) (* 10 (log (/ 1 x)))))) (pow x 2)))))
401.0ms
(+ (* 7/2 (/ (exp (* 1/3 (- (log 2/945) (* 5 (log (/ 1 x)))))) (pow x 2))) (+ (exp (* 1/3 (- (log 2/945) (* 5 (log (/ 1 x)))))) (* 161/4 (/ (exp (* 1/3 (- (log 2/945) (* 5 (log (/ 1 x)))))) (pow x 4)))))
389.0ms
(+ (* 7/6 (/ (exp (* 1/9 (- (log 2/945) (* 5 (log (/ 1 x)))))) (pow x 2))) (+ (exp (* 1/9 (- (log 2/945) (* 5 (log (/ 1 x)))))) (* 217/18 (/ (exp (* 1/9 (- (log 2/945) (* 5 (log (/ 1 x)))))) (pow x 4)))))

prune913.0ms

Pruning

15 alts after pruning (13 fresh and 2 done)

Merged error: 0.2b

regimes92.0ms

Accuracy

0% (0.1b remaining)

Error of 0.3b against oracle of 0.2b and baseline of 0.3b

bsearch1.0ms

end0.0ms

sample16.2s

Algorithm
intervals