Average Error: 19.4 → 0.6
Time: 19.0s
Precision: 64
Internal Precision: 128
\[\frac{1}{\sqrt{x}} - \frac{1}{\sqrt{x + 1}}\]
\[\frac{1}{(x \cdot \left(\sqrt[3]{\sqrt{x + 1} \cdot \left(\sqrt{x + 1} \cdot \sqrt{x + 1}\right)}\right) + \left((\left(\sqrt{x}\right) \cdot x + \left(\sqrt{x}\right))_*\right))_*}\]

Error

Bits error versus x

Target

Original19.4
Target0.6
Herbie0.6
\[\frac{1}{\left(x + 1\right) \cdot \sqrt{x} + x \cdot \sqrt{x + 1}}\]

Derivation

  1. Initial program 19.4

    \[\frac{1}{\sqrt{x}} - \frac{1}{\sqrt{x + 1}}\]
  2. Using strategy rm
  3. Applied frac-sub19.3

    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1 \cdot \sqrt{x + 1} - \sqrt{x} \cdot 1}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x + 1}}}\]
  4. Simplified19.3

    \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\sqrt{x + 1} - \sqrt{x}}}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x + 1}}\]
  5. Using strategy rm
  6. Applied flip--19.2

    \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{x + 1} \cdot \sqrt{x + 1} - \sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x}}{\sqrt{x + 1} + \sqrt{x}}}}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x + 1}}\]
  7. Applied associate-/l/19.2

    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{x + 1} \cdot \sqrt{x + 1} - \sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x}}{\left(\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x + 1}\right) \cdot \left(\sqrt{x + 1} + \sqrt{x}\right)}}\]
  8. Simplified0.7

    \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{1}}{\left(\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x + 1}\right) \cdot \left(\sqrt{x + 1} + \sqrt{x}\right)}\]
  9. Using strategy rm
  10. Applied pow10.7

    \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x + 1}\right) \cdot \color{blue}{{\left(\sqrt{x + 1} + \sqrt{x}\right)}^{1}}}\]
  11. Applied pow10.7

    \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(\sqrt{x} \cdot \color{blue}{{\left(\sqrt{x + 1}\right)}^{1}}\right) \cdot {\left(\sqrt{x + 1} + \sqrt{x}\right)}^{1}}\]
  12. Applied pow10.7

    \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(\color{blue}{{\left(\sqrt{x}\right)}^{1}} \cdot {\left(\sqrt{x + 1}\right)}^{1}\right) \cdot {\left(\sqrt{x + 1} + \sqrt{x}\right)}^{1}}\]
  13. Applied pow-prod-down0.7

    \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{{\left(\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x + 1}\right)}^{1}} \cdot {\left(\sqrt{x + 1} + \sqrt{x}\right)}^{1}}\]
  14. Applied pow-prod-down0.7

    \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{{\left(\left(\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x + 1}\right) \cdot \left(\sqrt{x + 1} + \sqrt{x}\right)\right)}^{1}}}\]
  15. Simplified0.6

    \[\leadsto \frac{1}{{\color{blue}{\left((x \cdot \left(\sqrt{x + 1}\right) + \left((\left(\sqrt{x}\right) \cdot x + \left(\sqrt{x}\right))_*\right))_*\right)}}^{1}}\]
  16. Using strategy rm
  17. Applied add-cbrt-cube0.6

    \[\leadsto \frac{1}{{\left((x \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt[3]{\left(\sqrt{x + 1} \cdot \sqrt{x + 1}\right) \cdot \sqrt{x + 1}}\right)} + \left((\left(\sqrt{x}\right) \cdot x + \left(\sqrt{x}\right))_*\right))_*\right)}^{1}}\]
  18. Final simplification0.6

    \[\leadsto \frac{1}{(x \cdot \left(\sqrt[3]{\sqrt{x + 1} \cdot \left(\sqrt{x + 1} \cdot \sqrt{x + 1}\right)}\right) + \left((\left(\sqrt{x}\right) \cdot x + \left(\sqrt{x}\right))_*\right))_*}\]

Reproduce

herbie shell --seed 2018365 +o rules:numerics
(FPCore (x)
  :name "2isqrt (example 3.6)"

  :herbie-target
  (/ 1 (+ (* (+ x 1) (sqrt x)) (* x (sqrt (+ x 1)))))

  (- (/ 1 (sqrt x)) (/ 1 (sqrt (+ x 1)))))

Details

Time bar (total: 13.4s)Debug log

start153.0ms

Algorithm
intervals

setup61.0ms

Pruning

1 alts after pruning (1 fresh and 0 done)

Merged error: 17.4b

localize33.0ms

Local error

Found 4 expressions with local error:

2.8b
(- (/ 1 (sqrt x)) (/ 1 (sqrt (+ x 1))))
0.2b
(/ 1 (sqrt x))
0.1b
(/ 1 (sqrt (+ x 1)))
0.0b
(sqrt (+ x 1))

rewrite19.0ms

Algorithm
rewrite-expression-head
Counts
4 → 107
Calls

4 calls. Slowest were:

13.0ms
(- (/ 1 (sqrt x)) (/ 1 (sqrt (+ x 1))))
2.0ms
(/ 1 (sqrt (+ x 1)))
1.0ms
(/ 1 (sqrt x))

series100.0ms

Counts
4 → 12
Calls

4 calls. Slowest were:

38.0ms
(- (/ 1 (sqrt x)) (/ 1 (sqrt (+ x 1))))
28.0ms
(/ 1 (sqrt (+ x 1)))
17.0ms
(/ 1 (sqrt x))
16.0ms
(sqrt (+ x 1))

simplify3.7s

Counts
92 → 119
Calls

92 calls. Slowest were:

213.0ms
(fma (- (sqrt (- x 1))) (/ 1 (sqrt (- (* x x) (* 1 1)))) (* (sqrt (- x 1)) (/ 1 (sqrt (- (* x x) (* 1 1))))))
187.0ms
(fma (sqrt (/ 1 (sqrt x))) (sqrt (/ 1 (sqrt x))) (- (* (sqrt (- x 1)) (/ 1 (sqrt (- (* x x) (* 1 1)))))))
183.0ms
(fma (- (sqrt (+ (* x x) (- (* 1 1) (* x 1))))) (/ 1 (sqrt (+ (pow x 3) (pow 1 3)))) (* (sqrt (+ (* x x) (- (* 1 1) (* x 1)))) (/ 1 (sqrt (+ (pow x 3) (pow 1 3))))))

prune1.1s

Pruning

13 alts after pruning (13 fresh and 0 done)

Merged error: 16.8b

localize8.0ms

Local error

Found 4 expressions with local error:

2.9b
(- (sqrt (+ x 1)) (sqrt x))
0.3b
(* (sqrt x) (sqrt (+ x 1)))
0.1b
(/ (- (sqrt (+ x 1)) (sqrt x)) (* (sqrt x) (sqrt (+ x 1))))
0.0b
(sqrt (+ x 1))

rewrite30.0ms

Algorithm
rewrite-expression-head
Counts
4 → 117
Calls

4 calls. Slowest were:

15.0ms
(/ (- (sqrt (+ x 1)) (sqrt x)) (* (sqrt x) (sqrt (+ x 1))))
9.0ms
(- (sqrt (+ x 1)) (sqrt x))
4.0ms
(* (sqrt x) (sqrt (+ x 1)))

series134.0ms

Counts
4 → 12
Calls

4 calls. Slowest were:

57.0ms
(/ (- (sqrt (+ x 1)) (sqrt x)) (* (sqrt x) (sqrt (+ x 1))))
33.0ms
(- (sqrt (+ x 1)) (sqrt x))
28.0ms
(* (sqrt x) (sqrt (+ x 1)))
15.0ms
(sqrt (+ x 1))

simplify1.9s

Counts
106 → 129
Calls

106 calls. Slowest were:

509.0ms
(* (* (* (sqrt x) (sqrt x)) (sqrt x)) (* (* (sqrt (+ x 1)) (sqrt (+ x 1))) (sqrt (+ x 1))))
116.0ms
(/ (* (* (- (sqrt (+ x 1)) (sqrt x)) (- (sqrt (+ x 1)) (sqrt x))) (- (sqrt (+ x 1)) (sqrt x))) (* (* (* (sqrt x) (sqrt x)) (sqrt x)) (* (* (sqrt (+ x 1)) (sqrt (+ x 1))) (sqrt (+ x 1)))))
83.0ms
(/ (* (* (- (sqrt (+ x 1)) (sqrt x)) (- (sqrt (+ x 1)) (sqrt x))) (- (sqrt (+ x 1)) (sqrt x))) (* (* (* (sqrt x) (sqrt (+ x 1))) (* (sqrt x) (sqrt (+ x 1)))) (* (sqrt x) (sqrt (+ x 1)))))

prune1.1s

Pruning

3 alts after pruning (3 fresh and 0 done)

Merged error: 0.3b

localize8.0ms

Local error

Found 4 expressions with local error:

0.3b
(/ 1 (* (* (sqrt x) (sqrt (+ x 1))) (+ (sqrt (+ x 1)) (sqrt x))))
0.3b
(* (sqrt x) (sqrt (+ x 1)))
0.1b
(* (* (sqrt x) (sqrt (+ x 1))) (+ (sqrt (+ x 1)) (sqrt x)))
0.0b
(+ (sqrt (+ x 1)) (sqrt x))

rewrite68.0ms

Algorithm
rewrite-expression-head
Counts
4 → 105
Calls

4 calls. Slowest were:

26.0ms
(/ 1 (* (* (sqrt x) (sqrt (+ x 1))) (+ (sqrt (+ x 1)) (sqrt x))))
25.0ms
(* (* (sqrt x) (sqrt (+ x 1))) (+ (sqrt (+ x 1)) (sqrt x)))
8.0ms
(* (sqrt x) (sqrt (+ x 1)))

series178.0ms

Counts
4 → 12
Calls

4 calls. Slowest were:

71.0ms
(/ 1 (* (* (sqrt x) (sqrt (+ x 1))) (+ (sqrt (+ x 1)) (sqrt x))))
62.0ms
(* (* (sqrt x) (sqrt (+ x 1))) (+ (sqrt (+ x 1)) (sqrt x)))
23.0ms
(* (sqrt x) (sqrt (+ x 1)))
21.0ms
(+ (sqrt (+ x 1)) (sqrt x))

simplify2.9s

Counts
71 → 117
Calls

71 calls. Slowest were:

419.0ms
(* (* (* (sqrt x) (sqrt x)) (sqrt x)) (* (* (sqrt (+ x 1)) (sqrt (+ x 1))) (sqrt (+ x 1))))
193.0ms
(* (* (sqrt x) (sqrt (- (* x x) (* 1 1)))) (+ (pow (sqrt (+ x 1)) 3) (pow (sqrt x) 3)))
178.0ms
(* (* (* (* (sqrt x) (sqrt x)) (sqrt x)) (* (* (sqrt (+ x 1)) (sqrt (+ x 1))) (sqrt (+ x 1)))) (* (* (+ (sqrt (+ x 1)) (sqrt x)) (+ (sqrt (+ x 1)) (sqrt x))) (+ (sqrt (+ x 1)) (sqrt x))))

prune907.0ms

Pruning

10 alts after pruning (10 fresh and 0 done)

Merged error: 0.0b

localize14.0ms

Local error

Found 4 expressions with local error:

0.3b
(/ 1 (pow (fma x (sqrt (+ x 1)) (fma (sqrt x) x (sqrt x))) 1))
0.1b
(fma (sqrt x) x (sqrt x))
0.0b
(fma x (sqrt (+ x 1)) (fma (sqrt x) x (sqrt x)))
0.0b
(sqrt (+ x 1))

rewrite3.0ms

Algorithm
rewrite-expression-head
Counts
4 → 59
Calls

4 calls. Slowest were:

1.0ms
(/ 1 (pow (fma x (sqrt (+ x 1)) (fma (sqrt x) x (sqrt x))) 1))
1.0ms
(sqrt (+ x 1))
0.0ms
(fma (sqrt x) x (sqrt x))

series145.0ms

Counts
4 → 12
Calls

4 calls. Slowest were:

61.0ms
(/ 1 (pow (fma x (sqrt (+ x 1)) (fma (sqrt x) x (sqrt x))) 1))
45.0ms
(fma x (sqrt (+ x 1)) (fma (sqrt x) x (sqrt x)))
28.0ms
(fma (sqrt x) x (sqrt x))
11.0ms
(sqrt (+ x 1))

simplify237.0ms

Counts
25 → 71
Calls

25 calls. Slowest were:

54.0ms
(- (+ (* 1/2 x) 1) (* 1/8 (pow x 2)))
28.0ms
(pow (cbrt (fma x (sqrt (+ x 1)) (fma (sqrt x) x (sqrt x)))) 1)
27.0ms
(cbrt (pow (fma x (sqrt (+ x 1)) (fma (sqrt x) x (sqrt x))) 1))

prune600.0ms

Pruning

8 alts after pruning (8 fresh and 0 done)

Merged error: 0.0b

regimes44.0ms

Accuracy

0% (0.6b remaining)

Error of 0.6b against oracle of 0.0b and baseline of 0.6b

bsearch2.0ms