Average Error: 9.6 → 0.1
Time: 25.0s
Precision: 64
Internal Precision: 128
\[\left(\frac{1}{x + 1} - \frac{2}{x}\right) + \frac{1}{x - 1}\]
\[\begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \le -107.65047054532559 \lor \neg \left(x \le 116.8418854930012\right):\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{2}{{x}^{5}} + \left(\frac{\frac{2}{x}}{x \cdot x} + \frac{2}{{x}^{7}}\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(\frac{1}{1 + x} - \frac{2}{x}\right) + \frac{1}{x - 1}\\ \end{array}\]

Error

Bits error versus x

Try it out

Your Program's Arguments

Results

Enter valid numbers for all inputs

Target

Original9.6
Target0.3
Herbie0.1
\[\frac{2}{x \cdot \left(x \cdot x - 1\right)}\]

Derivation

  1. Split input into 2 regimes
  2. if x < -107.65047054532559 or 116.8418854930012 < x

    1. Initial program 19.5

      \[\left(\frac{1}{x + 1} - \frac{2}{x}\right) + \frac{1}{x - 1}\]
    2. Taylor expanded around inf 0.6

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{2 \cdot \frac{1}{{x}^{7}} + \left(2 \cdot \frac{1}{{x}^{3}} + 2 \cdot \frac{1}{{x}^{5}}\right)}\]
    3. Simplified0.1

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\frac{\frac{2}{x}}{x \cdot x} + \frac{2}{{x}^{7}}\right) + \frac{2}{{x}^{5}}}\]

    if -107.65047054532559 < x < 116.8418854930012

    1. Initial program 0.0

      \[\left(\frac{1}{x + 1} - \frac{2}{x}\right) + \frac{1}{x - 1}\]
  3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
  4. Final simplification0.1

    \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \le -107.65047054532559 \lor \neg \left(x \le 116.8418854930012\right):\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{2}{{x}^{5}} + \left(\frac{\frac{2}{x}}{x \cdot x} + \frac{2}{{x}^{7}}\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(\frac{1}{1 + x} - \frac{2}{x}\right) + \frac{1}{x - 1}\\ \end{array}\]

Reproduce

herbie shell --seed 2018365 +o rules:numerics
(FPCore (x)
  :name "3frac (problem 3.3.3)"

  :herbie-target
  (/ 2 (* x (- (* x x) 1)))

  (+ (- (/ 1 (+ x 1)) (/ 2 x)) (/ 1 (- x 1))))

Details

Time bar (total: 18.1s)Debug log

start163.0ms

Algorithm
intervals

setup81.0ms

Pruning

1 alts after pruning (1 fresh and 0 done)

Merged error: 8.9b

localize50.0ms

Local error

Found 4 expressions with local error:

2.1b
(+ (- (/ 1 (+ x 1)) (/ 2 x)) (/ 1 (- x 1)))
0.0b
(- (/ 1 (+ x 1)) (/ 2 x))
0.0b
(/ 1 (- x 1))
0.0b
(/ 1 (+ x 1))

rewrite44.0ms

Algorithm
rewrite-expression-head
Counts
4 → 144
Calls

4 calls. Slowest were:

35.0ms
(+ (- (/ 1 (+ x 1)) (/ 2 x)) (/ 1 (- x 1)))
6.0ms
(- (/ 1 (+ x 1)) (/ 2 x))
1.0ms
(/ 1 (- x 1))

series75.0ms

Counts
4 → 12
Calls

4 calls. Slowest were:

51.0ms
(+ (- (/ 1 (+ x 1)) (/ 2 x)) (/ 1 (- x 1)))
11.0ms
(- (/ 1 (+ x 1)) (/ 2 x))
7.0ms
(/ 1 (- x 1))
7.0ms
(/ 1 (+ x 1))

simplify11.4s

Counts
127 → 156
Calls

127 calls. Slowest were:

925.0ms
(+ (* (- (* 1 x) (* (+ x 1) 2)) (- x 1)) (* (* (+ x 1) x) 1))
684.0ms
(- (+ (* 2 x) (+ (* 2 (pow x 3)) (* 2 (/ 1 x)))))
576.0ms
(* (+ (/ 1 (+ x 1)) (/ 2 x)) (- x 1))

prune1.7s

Pruning

2 alts after pruning (1 fresh and 1 done)

Merged error: 0.0b

localize40.0ms

Local error

Found 3 expressions with local error:

0.1b
(/ (/ 2 x) (* x x))
0.1b
(/ 2 (pow x 5))
0.0b
(/ 2 (pow x 7))

rewrite13.0ms

Algorithm
rewrite-expression-head
Counts
3 → 54
Calls

3 calls. Slowest were:

11.0ms
(/ (/ 2 x) (* x x))
1.0ms
(/ 2 (pow x 5))
1.0ms
(/ 2 (pow x 7))

series97.0ms

Counts
3 → 9
Calls

3 calls. Slowest were:

39.0ms
(/ 2 (pow x 7))
32.0ms
(/ 2 (pow x 5))
26.0ms
(/ (/ 2 x) (* x x))

simplify774.0ms

Counts
27 → 63
Calls

27 calls. Slowest were:

669.0ms
(/ (* (* (/ 2 x) (/ 2 x)) (/ 2 x)) (* (* (* x x) (* x x)) (* x x)))
53.0ms
(- (log (/ 2 x)) (log (* x x)))
7.0ms
(/ 2 (pow x 3))

prune852.0ms

Pruning

5 alts after pruning (3 fresh and 2 done)

Merged error: 0.0b

localize20.0ms

Local error

Found 4 expressions with local error:

0.1b
(/ (/ 2 x) x)
0.1b
(/ (/ (/ 2 x) x) x)
0.1b
(/ 2 (pow x 5))
0.0b
(/ 2 (pow x 7))

rewrite9.0ms

Algorithm
rewrite-expression-head
Counts
4 → 64
Calls

4 calls. Slowest were:

4.0ms
(/ (/ (/ 2 x) x) x)
3.0ms
(/ (/ 2 x) x)
0.0ms
(/ 2 (pow x 5))

series83.0ms

Counts
4 → 12
Calls

4 calls. Slowest were:

25.0ms
(/ 2 (pow x 7))
25.0ms
(/ (/ (/ 2 x) x) x)
19.0ms
(/ 2 (pow x 5))
15.0ms
(/ (/ 2 x) x)

simplify44.0ms

Counts
24 → 76
Calls

24 calls. Slowest were:

5.0ms
(/ 2 (pow x 2))
4.0ms
(/ 2 (pow x 3))
4.0ms
(/ 2 (pow x 3))

prune1.2s

Pruning

4 alts after pruning (2 fresh and 2 done)

Merged error: 0.0b

localize21.0ms

Local error

Found 4 expressions with local error:

0.5b
(/ 2 (* x x))
0.1b
(/ (/ 2 (* x x)) x)
0.1b
(/ 2 (pow x 5))
0.0b
(/ 2 (pow x 7))

rewrite8.0ms

Algorithm
rewrite-expression-head
Counts
4 → 60
Calls

4 calls. Slowest were:

6.0ms
(/ (/ 2 (* x x)) x)
1.0ms
(/ 2 (* x x))
0.0ms
(/ 2 (pow x 5))

series69.0ms

Counts
4 → 12
Calls

4 calls. Slowest were:

23.0ms
(/ 2 (pow x 7))
21.0ms
(/ 2 (pow x 5))
14.0ms
(/ (/ 2 (* x x)) x)
11.0ms
(/ 2 (* x x))

simplify37.0ms

Counts
20 → 72
Calls

20 calls. Slowest were:

4.0ms
(/ 2 (pow x 3))
4.0ms
(/ 2 (pow x 3))
4.0ms
(/ 2 (pow x 3))

prune953.0ms

Pruning

4 alts after pruning (1 fresh and 3 done)

Merged error: 0.0b

regimes125.0ms

Accuracy

99.5% (0.0b remaining)

Error of 0.1b against oracle of 0.0b and baseline of 9.6b

bsearch197.0ms