Average Error: 33.2 → 16.8
Time: 29.4s
Precision: 64
Internal Precision: 128
\[\frac{\left(-b\right) + \sqrt{b \cdot b - 4 \cdot \left(a \cdot c\right)}}{2 \cdot a}\]
\[\begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;b \le 4.943214679714675 \cdot 10^{-44}:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(\sqrt{(\left(-4 \cdot a\right) \cdot c + \left(b \cdot b\right))_*} - b\right) \cdot \frac{1}{2 \cdot a}\\ \mathbf{elif}\;b \le 6.785651547349625 \cdot 10^{+98}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{\left(-4 \cdot a\right) \cdot c}{\left(2 \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(\sqrt{(\left(-4 \cdot a\right) \cdot c + \left(b \cdot b\right))_*} + b\right)}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{1}{\frac{-b}{c}}\\ \end{array}\]

Error

Bits error versus a

Bits error versus b

Bits error versus c

Target

Original33.2
Target20.2
Herbie16.8
\[\begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;b \lt 0:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{\left(-b\right) + \sqrt{b \cdot b - 4 \cdot \left(a \cdot c\right)}}{2 \cdot a}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{c}{a \cdot \frac{\left(-b\right) - \sqrt{b \cdot b - 4 \cdot \left(a \cdot c\right)}}{2 \cdot a}}\\ \end{array}\]

Derivation

  1. Split input into 3 regimes
  2. if b < 4.943214679714675e-44

    1. Initial program 21.5

      \[\frac{\left(-b\right) + \sqrt{b \cdot b - 4 \cdot \left(a \cdot c\right)}}{2 \cdot a}\]
    2. Initial simplification21.5

      \[\leadsto \frac{\sqrt{(\left(a \cdot c\right) \cdot -4 + \left(b \cdot b\right))_*} - b}{2 \cdot a}\]
    3. Taylor expanded around inf 21.5

      \[\leadsto \frac{\sqrt{\color{blue}{{b}^{2} - 4 \cdot \left(a \cdot c\right)}} - b}{2 \cdot a}\]
    4. Simplified21.5

      \[\leadsto \frac{\sqrt{\color{blue}{(\left(a \cdot -4\right) \cdot c + \left(b \cdot b\right))_*}} - b}{2 \cdot a}\]
    5. Using strategy rm
    6. Applied clear-num21.6

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{\frac{2 \cdot a}{\sqrt{(\left(a \cdot -4\right) \cdot c + \left(b \cdot b\right))_*} - b}}}\]
    7. Using strategy rm
    8. Applied div-inv21.6

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot a\right) \cdot \frac{1}{\sqrt{(\left(a \cdot -4\right) \cdot c + \left(b \cdot b\right))_*} - b}}}\]
    9. Applied associate-/r*21.6

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\frac{1}{2 \cdot a}}{\frac{1}{\sqrt{(\left(a \cdot -4\right) \cdot c + \left(b \cdot b\right))_*} - b}}}\]
    10. Using strategy rm
    11. Applied associate-/r/21.6

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\frac{1}{2 \cdot a}}{1} \cdot \left(\sqrt{(\left(a \cdot -4\right) \cdot c + \left(b \cdot b\right))_*} - b\right)}\]

    if 4.943214679714675e-44 < b < 6.785651547349625e+98

    1. Initial program 43.2

      \[\frac{\left(-b\right) + \sqrt{b \cdot b - 4 \cdot \left(a \cdot c\right)}}{2 \cdot a}\]
    2. Initial simplification43.2

      \[\leadsto \frac{\sqrt{(\left(a \cdot c\right) \cdot -4 + \left(b \cdot b\right))_*} - b}{2 \cdot a}\]
    3. Taylor expanded around inf 43.2

      \[\leadsto \frac{\sqrt{\color{blue}{{b}^{2} - 4 \cdot \left(a \cdot c\right)}} - b}{2 \cdot a}\]
    4. Simplified43.3

      \[\leadsto \frac{\sqrt{\color{blue}{(\left(a \cdot -4\right) \cdot c + \left(b \cdot b\right))_*}} - b}{2 \cdot a}\]
    5. Using strategy rm
    6. Applied flip--43.4

      \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{(\left(a \cdot -4\right) \cdot c + \left(b \cdot b\right))_*} \cdot \sqrt{(\left(a \cdot -4\right) \cdot c + \left(b \cdot b\right))_*} - b \cdot b}{\sqrt{(\left(a \cdot -4\right) \cdot c + \left(b \cdot b\right))_*} + b}}}{2 \cdot a}\]
    7. Applied associate-/l/46.4

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{(\left(a \cdot -4\right) \cdot c + \left(b \cdot b\right))_*} \cdot \sqrt{(\left(a \cdot -4\right) \cdot c + \left(b \cdot b\right))_*} - b \cdot b}{\left(2 \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(\sqrt{(\left(a \cdot -4\right) \cdot c + \left(b \cdot b\right))_*} + b\right)}}\]
    8. Simplified16.9

      \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\left(a \cdot -4\right) \cdot c}}{\left(2 \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(\sqrt{(\left(a \cdot -4\right) \cdot c + \left(b \cdot b\right))_*} + b\right)}\]

    if 6.785651547349625e+98 < b

    1. Initial program 59.1

      \[\frac{\left(-b\right) + \sqrt{b \cdot b - 4 \cdot \left(a \cdot c\right)}}{2 \cdot a}\]
    2. Initial simplification59.1

      \[\leadsto \frac{\sqrt{(\left(a \cdot c\right) \cdot -4 + \left(b \cdot b\right))_*} - b}{2 \cdot a}\]
    3. Taylor expanded around inf 59.1

      \[\leadsto \frac{\sqrt{\color{blue}{{b}^{2} - 4 \cdot \left(a \cdot c\right)}} - b}{2 \cdot a}\]
    4. Simplified59.1

      \[\leadsto \frac{\sqrt{\color{blue}{(\left(a \cdot -4\right) \cdot c + \left(b \cdot b\right))_*}} - b}{2 \cdot a}\]
    5. Using strategy rm
    6. Applied clear-num59.2

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{\frac{2 \cdot a}{\sqrt{(\left(a \cdot -4\right) \cdot c + \left(b \cdot b\right))_*} - b}}}\]
    7. Taylor expanded around 0 3.6

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{-1 \cdot \frac{b}{c}}}\]
    8. Simplified3.6

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\frac{-b}{c}}}\]
  3. Recombined 3 regimes into one program.
  4. Final simplification16.8

    \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;b \le 4.943214679714675 \cdot 10^{-44}:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(\sqrt{(\left(-4 \cdot a\right) \cdot c + \left(b \cdot b\right))_*} - b\right) \cdot \frac{1}{2 \cdot a}\\ \mathbf{elif}\;b \le 6.785651547349625 \cdot 10^{+98}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{\left(-4 \cdot a\right) \cdot c}{\left(2 \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(\sqrt{(\left(-4 \cdot a\right) \cdot c + \left(b \cdot b\right))_*} + b\right)}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{1}{\frac{-b}{c}}\\ \end{array}\]

Reproduce

herbie shell --seed 2018362 +o rules:numerics
(FPCore (a b c)
  :name "quadp (p42, positive)"

  :herbie-target
  (if (< b 0) (/ (+ (- b) (sqrt (- (* b b) (* 4 (* a c))))) (* 2 a)) (/ c (* a (/ (- (- b) (sqrt (- (* b b) (* 4 (* a c))))) (* 2 a)))))

  (/ (+ (- b) (sqrt (- (* b b) (* 4 (* a c))))) (* 2 a)))

Details

Time bar (total: 21.8s)Debug log

start181.0ms

Algorithm
intervals

setup88.0ms

Pruning

1 alts after pruning (1 fresh and 0 done)

Merged error: 30.9b

localize53.0ms

Local error

Found 4 expressions with local error:

21.8b
(sqrt (fma (* a c) -4 (* b b)))
1.8b
(- (sqrt (fma (* a c) -4 (* b b))) b)
0.4b
(fma (* a c) -4 (* b b))
0.4b
(/ (- (sqrt (fma (* a c) -4 (* b b))) b) (* 2 a))

rewrite34.0ms

Algorithm
rewrite-expression-head
Counts
4 → 67
Calls

4 calls. Slowest were:

21.0ms
(/ (- (sqrt (fma (* a c) -4 (* b b))) b) (* 2 a))
10.0ms
(- (sqrt (fma (* a c) -4 (* b b))) b)
2.0ms
(sqrt (fma (* a c) -4 (* b b)))

series259.0ms

Counts
4 → 12
Calls

4 calls. Slowest were:

109.0ms
(/ (- (sqrt (fma (* a c) -4 (* b b))) b) (* 2 a))
66.0ms
(sqrt (fma (* a c) -4 (* b b)))
46.0ms
(- (sqrt (fma (* a c) -4 (* b b))) b)
38.0ms
(fma (* a c) -4 (* b b))

simplify1.5s

Counts
34 → 79
Calls

34 calls. Slowest were:

692.0ms
(- (* (sqrt (fma (* a c) -4 (* b b))) (sqrt (fma (* a c) -4 (* b b)))) (* b b))
135.0ms
(- (pow (sqrt (fma (* a c) -4 (* b b))) 3) (pow b 3))
81.0ms
(- (log (- (sqrt (fma (* a c) -4 (* b b))) b)) (log (* 2 a)))

prune1.1s

Pruning

9 alts after pruning (9 fresh and 0 done)

Merged error: 20.8b

localize15.0ms

Local error

Found 4 expressions with local error:

21.8b
(sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b)))
1.8b
(- (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b))) b)
0.4b
(/ (- (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b))) b) (* 2 a))
0.0b
(fma (* a -4) c (* b b))

rewrite28.0ms

Algorithm
rewrite-expression-head
Counts
4 → 67
Calls

4 calls. Slowest were:

21.0ms
(/ (- (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b))) b) (* 2 a))
5.0ms
(- (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b))) b)
1.0ms
(sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b)))

series244.0ms

Counts
4 → 12
Calls

4 calls. Slowest were:

93.0ms
(/ (- (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b))) b) (* 2 a))
66.0ms
(- (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b))) b)
47.0ms
(sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b)))
38.0ms
(fma (* a -4) c (* b b))

simplify1.4s

Counts
34 → 79
Calls

34 calls. Slowest were:

721.0ms
(- (* (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b))) (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b)))) (* b b))
97.0ms
(- (pow (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b))) 3) (pow b 3))
73.0ms
(- (log (- (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b))) b)) (log (* 2 a)))

prune1.2s

Pruning

8 alts after pruning (8 fresh and 0 done)

Merged error: 20.8b

localize6.0ms

Local error

Found 4 expressions with local error:

21.8b
(sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b)))
1.8b
(- (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b))) b)
0.3b
(/ (* 2 a) (- (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b))) b))
0.2b
(/ 1 (/ (* 2 a) (- (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b))) b)))

rewrite31.0ms

Algorithm
rewrite-expression-head
Counts
4 → 82
Calls

4 calls. Slowest were:

17.0ms
(/ (* 2 a) (- (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b))) b))
7.0ms
(/ 1 (/ (* 2 a) (- (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b))) b)))
5.0ms
(- (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b))) b)

series374.0ms

Counts
4 → 12
Calls

4 calls. Slowest were:

155.0ms
(/ (* 2 a) (- (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b))) b))
78.0ms
(/ 1 (/ (* 2 a) (- (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b))) b)))
75.0ms
(- (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b))) b)
65.0ms
(sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b)))

simplify1.6s

Counts
45 → 94
Calls

45 calls. Slowest were:

609.0ms
(/ (* (* (* 2 a) (* 2 a)) (* 2 a)) (* (* (- (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b))) b) (- (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b))) b)) (- (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b))) b)))
104.0ms
(+ (* (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b))) (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b)))) (+ (* b b) (* (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b))) b)))
78.0ms
(+ (* (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b))) (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b)))) (+ (* b b) (* (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b))) b)))

prune1.5s

Pruning

9 alts after pruning (9 fresh and 0 done)

Merged error: 13.2b

localize13.0ms

Local error

Found 4 expressions with local error:

21.8b
(sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b)))
1.8b
(- (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b))) b)
0.3b
(/ 1 (- (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b))) b))
0.3b
(/ (/ 1 (* 2 a)) (/ 1 (- (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b))) b)))

rewrite32.0ms

Algorithm
rewrite-expression-head
Counts
4 → 106
Calls

4 calls. Slowest were:

11.0ms
(- (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b))) b)
10.0ms
(/ (/ 1 (* 2 a)) (/ 1 (- (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b))) b)))
7.0ms
(/ 1 (- (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b))) b))

series325.0ms

Counts
4 → 12
Calls

4 calls. Slowest were:

126.0ms
(/ 1 (- (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b))) b))
79.0ms
(/ (/ 1 (* 2 a)) (/ 1 (- (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b))) b)))
70.0ms
(- (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b))) b)
50.0ms
(sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b)))

simplify9.4s

Counts
89 → 118
Calls

89 calls. Slowest were:

739.0ms
(/ 1 (/ 1 (- (pow (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b))) 3) (pow b 3))))
691.0ms
(/ 1 (/ 1 (- (pow (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b))) 3) (pow b 3))))
642.0ms
(/ (sqrt (/ 1 (* 2 a))) (/ 1 (- (* (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b))) (sqrt (fma (* a -4) c (* b b)))) (* b b))))

prune2.0s

Pruning

11 alts after pruning (10 fresh and 1 done)

Merged error: 13.0b

regimes362.0ms

Accuracy

79.1% (4.4b remaining)

Error of 16.8b against oracle of 12.4b and baseline of 33.3b

bsearch218.0ms