Average Error: 39.7 → 0.3
Time: 50.3s
Precision: 64
Internal Precision: 1344
\[\frac{e^{x} - 1}{x}\]
↓
\[\begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \le -0.0001476675370171492:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{-1 + e^{x}}{x}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{\left(\frac{1}{6} \cdot x + \frac{1}{2}\right) \cdot \left(x \cdot x\right) + x}{x}\\ \end{array}\]

Error

Bits error versus x

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Your Program's Arguments

Results

Enter valid numbers for all inputs

Target

Original39.7
Target38.8
Herbie0.3
\[\begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \lt 1 \land x \gt -1:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{e^{x} - 1}{\log \left(e^{x}\right)}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{e^{x} - 1}{x}\\ \end{array}\]

Derivation

  1. Split input into 2 regimes

  2. if x < -0.0001476675370171492

    1. Initial program 0.1

      \[\frac{e^{x} - 1}{x}\]

    2. Initial simplification0.1

      \[\leadsto \frac{-1 + e^{x}}{x}\]

    if -0.0001476675370171492 < x

    1. Initial program 60.0

      \[\frac{e^{x} - 1}{x}\]

    2. Initial simplification60.0

      \[\leadsto \frac{-1 + e^{x}}{x}\]

    3. Taylor expanded around 0 0.5

      \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{x + \left(\frac{1}{6} \cdot {x}^{3} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot {x}^{2}\right)}}{x}\]

    4. Simplified0.5

      \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{x + \left(x \cdot \frac{1}{6} + \frac{1}{2}\right) \cdot \left(x \cdot x\right)}}{x}\]
  3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.

  4. Final simplification0.3

    \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \le -0.0001476675370171492:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{-1 + e^{x}}{x}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{\left(\frac{1}{6} \cdot x + \frac{1}{2}\right) \cdot \left(x \cdot x\right) + x}{x}\\ \end{array}\]

Runtime

Time bar (total: 50.3s)Debug logProfile

BaselineHerbieOracleSpan%
Regimes21.20.30.121.298.7%
herbie shell --seed 2018286 
(FPCore (x)
  :name "Kahan's exp quotient"

  :herbie-target
  (if (and (< x 1) (> x -1)) (/ (- (exp x) 1) (log (exp x))) (/ (- (exp x) 1) x))

  (/ (- (exp x) 1) x))