Average Error: 37.2 → 0.5
Time: 34.4s
Precision: 64
Internal Precision: 2368
\[\sin \left(x + \varepsilon\right) - \sin x\]
\[\frac{\frac{\sin x \cdot \left({\left(\cos \varepsilon\right)}^{3} - 1\right)}{\sqrt{(\left(\cos \varepsilon\right) \cdot \left(\cos \varepsilon + 1\right) + 1)_*}}}{\sqrt{(\left(\cos \varepsilon\right) \cdot \left(\cos \varepsilon + 1\right) + 1)_*}} + \cos x \cdot \sin \varepsilon\]

Error

Bits error versus x

Bits error versus eps

Target

Original37.2
Target15.0
Herbie0.5
\[2 \cdot \left(\cos \left(x + \frac{\varepsilon}{2}\right) \cdot \sin \left(\frac{\varepsilon}{2}\right)\right)\]

Derivation

  1. Initial program 37.2

    \[\sin \left(x + \varepsilon\right) - \sin x\]
  2. Initial simplification37.2

    \[\leadsto \sin \left(\varepsilon + x\right) - \sin x\]
  3. Using strategy rm
  4. Applied sin-sum22.0

    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\sin \varepsilon \cdot \cos x + \cos \varepsilon \cdot \sin x\right)} - \sin x\]
  5. Applied associate--l+0.4

    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sin \varepsilon \cdot \cos x + \left(\cos \varepsilon \cdot \sin x - \sin x\right)}\]
  6. Using strategy rm
  7. Applied *-un-lft-identity0.4

    \[\leadsto \sin \varepsilon \cdot \cos x + \left(\cos \varepsilon \cdot \sin x - \color{blue}{1 \cdot \sin x}\right)\]
  8. Applied distribute-rgt-out--0.4

    \[\leadsto \sin \varepsilon \cdot \cos x + \color{blue}{\sin x \cdot \left(\cos \varepsilon - 1\right)}\]
  9. Using strategy rm
  10. Applied flip3--0.4

    \[\leadsto \sin \varepsilon \cdot \cos x + \sin x \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{{\left(\cos \varepsilon\right)}^{3} - {1}^{3}}{\cos \varepsilon \cdot \cos \varepsilon + \left(1 \cdot 1 + \cos \varepsilon \cdot 1\right)}}\]
  11. Applied associate-*r/0.4

    \[\leadsto \sin \varepsilon \cdot \cos x + \color{blue}{\frac{\sin x \cdot \left({\left(\cos \varepsilon\right)}^{3} - {1}^{3}\right)}{\cos \varepsilon \cdot \cos \varepsilon + \left(1 \cdot 1 + \cos \varepsilon \cdot 1\right)}}\]
  12. Simplified0.4

    \[\leadsto \sin \varepsilon \cdot \cos x + \frac{\sin x \cdot \left({\left(\cos \varepsilon\right)}^{3} - {1}^{3}\right)}{\color{blue}{(\left(\cos \varepsilon\right) \cdot \left(1 + \cos \varepsilon\right) + 1)_*}}\]
  13. Using strategy rm
  14. Applied add-sqr-sqrt0.5

    \[\leadsto \sin \varepsilon \cdot \cos x + \frac{\sin x \cdot \left({\left(\cos \varepsilon\right)}^{3} - {1}^{3}\right)}{\color{blue}{\sqrt{(\left(\cos \varepsilon\right) \cdot \left(1 + \cos \varepsilon\right) + 1)_*} \cdot \sqrt{(\left(\cos \varepsilon\right) \cdot \left(1 + \cos \varepsilon\right) + 1)_*}}}\]
  15. Applied associate-/r*0.5

    \[\leadsto \sin \varepsilon \cdot \cos x + \color{blue}{\frac{\frac{\sin x \cdot \left({\left(\cos \varepsilon\right)}^{3} - {1}^{3}\right)}{\sqrt{(\left(\cos \varepsilon\right) \cdot \left(1 + \cos \varepsilon\right) + 1)_*}}}{\sqrt{(\left(\cos \varepsilon\right) \cdot \left(1 + \cos \varepsilon\right) + 1)_*}}}\]
  16. Final simplification0.5

    \[\leadsto \frac{\frac{\sin x \cdot \left({\left(\cos \varepsilon\right)}^{3} - 1\right)}{\sqrt{(\left(\cos \varepsilon\right) \cdot \left(\cos \varepsilon + 1\right) + 1)_*}}}{\sqrt{(\left(\cos \varepsilon\right) \cdot \left(\cos \varepsilon + 1\right) + 1)_*}} + \cos x \cdot \sin \varepsilon\]

Runtime

Time bar (total: 34.4s)Debug logProfile

herbie shell --seed 2018256 +o rules:numerics
(FPCore (x eps)
  :name "2sin (example 3.3)"

  :herbie-target
  (* 2 (* (cos (+ x (/ eps 2))) (sin (/ eps 2))))

  (- (sin (+ x eps)) (sin x)))