Average Error: 39.4 → 0.9
Time: 1.0m
Precision: 64
Internal Precision: 2368
\[\cos \left(x + \varepsilon\right) - \cos x\]
\[\begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;\varepsilon \le -1.0561736893453183 \cdot 10^{-05}:\\ \;\;\;\;\cos x \cdot \cos \varepsilon - (\left(\sin \varepsilon\right) \cdot \left(\sin x\right) + \left(\cos x\right))_*\\ \mathbf{if}\;\varepsilon \le 732276.0459458589:\\ \;\;\;\;-2 \cdot \left(\sin \left(\frac{\varepsilon}{2}\right) \cdot \sin \left(\frac{x + \left(\varepsilon + x\right)}{2}\right)\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(\cos x \cdot \cos \varepsilon - \sin x \cdot \sin \varepsilon\right) - \cos x\\ \end{array}\]

Error

Bits error versus x

Bits error versus eps

Derivation

  1. Split input into 3 regimes
  2. if eps < -1.0561736893453183e-05

    1. Initial program 30.8

      \[\cos \left(x + \varepsilon\right) - \cos x\]
    2. Using strategy rm
    3. Applied cos-sum0.9

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\cos x \cdot \cos \varepsilon - \sin x \cdot \sin \varepsilon\right)} - \cos x\]
    4. Applied associate--l-0.9

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\cos x \cdot \cos \varepsilon - \left(\sin x \cdot \sin \varepsilon + \cos x\right)}\]
    5. Applied simplify0.9

      \[\leadsto \cos x \cdot \cos \varepsilon - \color{blue}{(\left(\sin \varepsilon\right) \cdot \left(\sin x\right) + \left(\cos x\right))_*}\]

    if -1.0561736893453183e-05 < eps < 732276.0459458589

    1. Initial program 48.8

      \[\cos \left(x + \varepsilon\right) - \cos x\]
    2. Using strategy rm
    3. Applied diff-cos36.8

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-2 \cdot \left(\sin \left(\frac{\left(x + \varepsilon\right) - x}{2}\right) \cdot \sin \left(\frac{\left(x + \varepsilon\right) + x}{2}\right)\right)}\]
    4. Applied simplify1.0

      \[\leadsto -2 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\sin \left(\frac{\varepsilon}{2}\right) \cdot \sin \left(\frac{x + \left(\varepsilon + x\right)}{2}\right)\right)}\]

    if 732276.0459458589 < eps

    1. Initial program 30.1

      \[\cos \left(x + \varepsilon\right) - \cos x\]
    2. Using strategy rm
    3. Applied cos-sum0.8

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\cos x \cdot \cos \varepsilon - \sin x \cdot \sin \varepsilon\right)} - \cos x\]
  3. Recombined 3 regimes into one program.

Runtime

Time bar (total: 1.0m)Debug logProfile

herbie shell --seed 2018178 +o rules:numerics
(FPCore (x eps)
  :name "2cos (problem 3.3.5)"
  (- (cos (+ x eps)) (cos x)))