Average Error: 39.5 → 0.8
Time: 26.5s
Precision: 64
Internal Precision: 2432
\[\cos \left(x + \varepsilon\right) - \cos x\]
↓
\[\begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;-2 \cdot \left(\left(\sin \left(\frac{\varepsilon}{2}\right) \cdot \left(\sqrt[3]{\sin \left(\frac{(2 \cdot x + \varepsilon)_*}{2}\right)} \cdot \sqrt[3]{\sin \left(\frac{(2 \cdot x + \varepsilon)_*}{2}\right)}\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt[3]{\sin \left(\frac{(2 \cdot x + \varepsilon)_*}{2}\right)}\right) \le -0.0009085078829486063:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(\cos x \cdot \cos \varepsilon - \sin x \cdot \sin \varepsilon\right) - \cos x\\ \mathbf{if}\;-2 \cdot \left(\left(\sin \left(\frac{\varepsilon}{2}\right) \cdot \left(\sqrt[3]{\sin \left(\frac{(2 \cdot x + \varepsilon)_*}{2}\right)} \cdot \sqrt[3]{\sin \left(\frac{(2 \cdot x + \varepsilon)_*}{2}\right)}\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt[3]{\sin \left(\frac{(2 \cdot x + \varepsilon)_*}{2}\right)}\right) \le 0.006374635300566277:\\ \;\;\;\;-2 \cdot \left(\sin \left(\frac{\varepsilon}{2}\right) \cdot (e^{\log_* (1 + \sin \left(\frac{(2 \cdot x + \varepsilon)_*}{2}\right))} - 1)^*\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(\cos x \cdot \cos \varepsilon - \sin x \cdot \sin \varepsilon\right) - \cos x\\ \end{array}\]

Error

Bits error versus x

Bits error versus eps

Derivation

  1. Split input into 2 regimes

  2. if (* -2 (* (* (sin (/ eps 2)) (* (cbrt (sin (/ (fma 2 x eps) 2))) (cbrt (sin (/ (fma 2 x eps) 2))))) (cbrt (sin (/ (fma 2 x eps) 2))))) < -0.0009085078829486063 or 0.006374635300566277 < (* -2 (* (* (sin (/ eps 2)) (* (cbrt (sin (/ (fma 2 x eps) 2))) (cbrt (sin (/ (fma 2 x eps) 2))))) (cbrt (sin (/ (fma 2 x eps) 2)))))

    1. Initial program 29.3

      \[\cos \left(x + \varepsilon\right) - \cos x\]
    2. Using strategy rm

    3. Applied cos-sum0.7

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\cos x \cdot \cos \varepsilon - \sin x \cdot \sin \varepsilon\right)} - \cos x\]

    if -0.0009085078829486063 < (* -2 (* (* (sin (/ eps 2)) (* (cbrt (sin (/ (fma 2 x eps) 2))) (cbrt (sin (/ (fma 2 x eps) 2))))) (cbrt (sin (/ (fma 2 x eps) 2))))) < 0.006374635300566277

    1. Initial program 49.2

      \[\cos \left(x + \varepsilon\right) - \cos x\]
    2. Using strategy rm

    3. Applied diff-cos37.5

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-2 \cdot \left(\sin \left(\frac{\left(x + \varepsilon\right) - x}{2}\right) \cdot \sin \left(\frac{\left(x + \varepsilon\right) + x}{2}\right)\right)}\]

    4. Applied simplify0.9

      \[\leadsto -2 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\sin \left(\frac{\varepsilon}{2}\right) \cdot \sin \left(\frac{(2 \cdot x + \varepsilon)_*}{2}\right)\right)}\]
    5. Using strategy rm

    6. Applied expm1-log1p-u1.0

      \[\leadsto -2 \cdot \left(\sin \left(\frac{\varepsilon}{2}\right) \cdot \color{blue}{(e^{\log_* (1 + \sin \left(\frac{(2 \cdot x + \varepsilon)_*}{2}\right))} - 1)^*}\right)\]
  3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.

Runtime

Time bar (total: 26.5s)Debug logProfile

herbie shell --seed '#(1070227846 1561819246 480764335 4016816270 2602869839 2117310382)' +o rules:numerics
(FPCore (x eps)
  :name "2cos (problem 3.3.5)"
  (- (cos (+ x eps)) (cos x)))