\[\cos \left(x + \varepsilon\right) - \cos x\]
Test:
NMSE problem 3.3.5
Bits:
128 bits
Bits error versus x
Bits error versus eps
Time: 41.2 s
Input Error: 36.3
Output Error: 5.0
Log:
Profile: 🕒
\(\begin{cases} \log_* (1 + (e^{\cos x \cdot \cos \varepsilon - \sin x \cdot \sin \varepsilon} - 1)^*) - \cos x & \text{when } \varepsilon \le -6.974478371048821 \cdot 10^{-14} \\ \left(\sqrt{\cos \left(x + \varepsilon\right)} + \sqrt{\cos x}\right) \cdot (\left({\varepsilon}^3\right) * \left(\left(-\frac{1}{16}\right) \cdot {x}^3\right) + \left(\left(-\varepsilon\right) \cdot (\frac{1}{4} * \varepsilon + \left(x \cdot \frac{1}{2}\right))_*\right))_* & \text{when } \varepsilon \le 0.00018005451351709028 \\ \frac{{\left(\cos \varepsilon \cdot \cos x\right)}^3 - {\left(\sin x \cdot \sin \varepsilon\right)}^3}{{\left(\cos x \cdot \cos \varepsilon\right)}^2 + \left({\left(\sin x \cdot \sin \varepsilon\right)}^2 + \left(\cos x \cdot \cos \varepsilon\right) \cdot \left(\sin x \cdot \sin \varepsilon\right)\right)} - \cos x & \text{otherwise} \end{cases}\)

    if eps < -6.974478371048821e-14

    1. Started with
      \[\cos \left(x + \varepsilon\right) - \cos x\]
      30.9
    2. Using strategy rm
      30.9
    3. Applied cos-sum to get
      \[\color{red}{\cos \left(x + \varepsilon\right)} - \cos x \leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\cos x \cdot \cos \varepsilon - \sin x \cdot \sin \varepsilon\right)} - \cos x\]
      2.0
    4. Using strategy rm
      2.0
    5. Applied log1p-expm1-u to get
      \[\color{red}{\left(\cos x \cdot \cos \varepsilon - \sin x \cdot \sin \varepsilon\right)} - \cos x \leadsto \color{blue}{\log_* (1 + (e^{\cos x \cdot \cos \varepsilon - \sin x \cdot \sin \varepsilon} - 1)^*)} - \cos x\]
      2.1

    if -6.974478371048821e-14 < eps < 0.00018005451351709028

    1. Started with
      \[\cos \left(x + \varepsilon\right) - \cos x\]
      44.6
    2. Using strategy rm
      44.6
    3. Applied add-sqr-sqrt to get
      \[\cos \left(x + \varepsilon\right) - \color{red}{\cos x} \leadsto \cos \left(x + \varepsilon\right) - \color{blue}{{\left(\sqrt{\cos x}\right)}^2}\]
      44.6
    4. Applied add-sqr-sqrt to get
      \[\color{red}{\cos \left(x + \varepsilon\right)} - {\left(\sqrt{\cos x}\right)}^2 \leadsto \color{blue}{{\left(\sqrt{\cos \left(x + \varepsilon\right)}\right)}^2} - {\left(\sqrt{\cos x}\right)}^2\]
      44.6
    5. Applied difference-of-squares to get
      \[\color{red}{{\left(\sqrt{\cos \left(x + \varepsilon\right)}\right)}^2 - {\left(\sqrt{\cos x}\right)}^2} \leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{\cos \left(x + \varepsilon\right)} + \sqrt{\cos x}\right) \cdot \left(\sqrt{\cos \left(x + \varepsilon\right)} - \sqrt{\cos x}\right)}\]
      44.6
    6. Applied taylor to get
      \[\left(\sqrt{\cos \left(x + \varepsilon\right)} + \sqrt{\cos x}\right) \cdot \left(\sqrt{\cos \left(x + \varepsilon\right)} - \sqrt{\cos x}\right) \leadsto \left(\sqrt{\cos \left(x + \varepsilon\right)} + \sqrt{\cos x}\right) \cdot \left(-\left(\frac{1}{4} \cdot {\varepsilon}^2 + \left(\frac{1}{16} \cdot \left({\varepsilon}^{3} \cdot {x}^{3}\right) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\varepsilon \cdot x\right)\right)\right)\right)\]
      10.2
    7. Taylor expanded around 0 to get
      \[\left(\sqrt{\cos \left(x + \varepsilon\right)} + \sqrt{\cos x}\right) \cdot \color{red}{\left(-\left(\frac{1}{4} \cdot {\varepsilon}^2 + \left(\frac{1}{16} \cdot \left({\varepsilon}^{3} \cdot {x}^{3}\right) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\varepsilon \cdot x\right)\right)\right)\right)} \leadsto \left(\sqrt{\cos \left(x + \varepsilon\right)} + \sqrt{\cos x}\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(-\left(\frac{1}{4} \cdot {\varepsilon}^2 + \left(\frac{1}{16} \cdot \left({\varepsilon}^{3} \cdot {x}^{3}\right) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\varepsilon \cdot x\right)\right)\right)\right)}\]
      10.2
    8. Applied simplify to get
      \[\left(\sqrt{\cos \left(x + \varepsilon\right)} + \sqrt{\cos x}\right) \cdot \left(-\left(\frac{1}{4} \cdot {\varepsilon}^2 + \left(\frac{1}{16} \cdot \left({\varepsilon}^{3} \cdot {x}^{3}\right) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\varepsilon \cdot x\right)\right)\right)\right) \leadsto \left(\sqrt{\cos \left(x + \varepsilon\right)} + \sqrt{\cos x}\right) \cdot \left(\left(\left(-\frac{1}{4}\right) \cdot \left(\varepsilon \cdot \varepsilon\right) + \left(-\frac{1}{2}\right) \cdot \left(\varepsilon \cdot x\right)\right) + \left({\varepsilon}^3 \cdot \frac{1}{16}\right) \cdot \left(-{x}^3\right)\right)\]
      10.2

    9. Applied final simplification
    10. Applied simplify to get
      \[\color{red}{\left(\sqrt{\cos \left(x + \varepsilon\right)} + \sqrt{\cos x}\right) \cdot \left(\left(\left(-\frac{1}{4}\right) \cdot \left(\varepsilon \cdot \varepsilon\right) + \left(-\frac{1}{2}\right) \cdot \left(\varepsilon \cdot x\right)\right) + \left({\varepsilon}^3 \cdot \frac{1}{16}\right) \cdot \left(-{x}^3\right)\right)} \leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{\cos \left(x + \varepsilon\right)} + \sqrt{\cos x}\right) \cdot (\left({\varepsilon}^3\right) * \left(\left(-\frac{1}{16}\right) \cdot {x}^3\right) + \left(\left(-\varepsilon\right) \cdot (\frac{1}{4} * \varepsilon + \left(x \cdot \frac{1}{2}\right))_*\right))_*}\]
      10.2

    if 0.00018005451351709028 < eps

    1. Started with
      \[\cos \left(x + \varepsilon\right) - \cos x\]
      30.6
    2. Using strategy rm
      30.6
    3. Applied cos-sum to get
      \[\color{red}{\cos \left(x + \varepsilon\right)} - \cos x \leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\cos x \cdot \cos \varepsilon - \sin x \cdot \sin \varepsilon\right)} - \cos x\]
      0.9
    4. Using strategy rm
      0.9
    5. Applied flip3-- to get
      \[\color{red}{\left(\cos x \cdot \cos \varepsilon - \sin x \cdot \sin \varepsilon\right)} - \cos x \leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{{\left(\cos x \cdot \cos \varepsilon\right)}^{3} - {\left(\sin x \cdot \sin \varepsilon\right)}^{3}}{{\left(\cos x \cdot \cos \varepsilon\right)}^2 + \left({\left(\sin x \cdot \sin \varepsilon\right)}^2 + \left(\cos x \cdot \cos \varepsilon\right) \cdot \left(\sin x \cdot \sin \varepsilon\right)\right)}} - \cos x\]
      1.1
    6. Applied simplify to get
      \[\frac{\color{red}{{\left(\cos x \cdot \cos \varepsilon\right)}^{3} - {\left(\sin x \cdot \sin \varepsilon\right)}^{3}}}{{\left(\cos x \cdot \cos \varepsilon\right)}^2 + \left({\left(\sin x \cdot \sin \varepsilon\right)}^2 + \left(\cos x \cdot \cos \varepsilon\right) \cdot \left(\sin x \cdot \sin \varepsilon\right)\right)} - \cos x \leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{{\left(\cos \varepsilon \cdot \cos x\right)}^3 - {\left(\sin x \cdot \sin \varepsilon\right)}^3}}{{\left(\cos x \cdot \cos \varepsilon\right)}^2 + \left({\left(\sin x \cdot \sin \varepsilon\right)}^2 + \left(\cos x \cdot \cos \varepsilon\right) \cdot \left(\sin x \cdot \sin \varepsilon\right)\right)} - \cos x\]
      1.1

  1. Removed slow pow expressions

Original test:


(lambda ((x default) (eps default))
  #:name "NMSE problem 3.3.5"
  (- (cos (+ x eps)) (cos x)))